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EU industrial structure 2011 — Trends and Performance ii22 changes in technology specialization The technology taxonomy provides insight concerning the technology shares and specialisation across EU 48 box II.3: Technology taxonomy manufacturing sectors. The sectors in which the R&D intensity reached similar levels were regrouped. This led to four different categories, cf. Box II.3. The OECD (1997) classification of industries based on technological intensity was used as a reference. According to this classification, R&D intensity, expenditures on R&D relative to value added, is the main criterion for evaluating the technological content of an industry. As a result, manufacturing industries (following NACE rev. 1) are broken down in four groups. low tech: DA Manufacture of food products, beverages and tobacco, DB Manufacture of textiles and textile products, DC Manufacture of leather and leather products, DD Manufacture of wood and wood products, DE Manufacture of pulp, paper and paper products; publishing and printing. low intermediate tech: DF Manufacture of coke, refined petroleum products and nuclear fuel, DH251 Manufacture of rubber products, DH252 Manufacture of plastic products, DI Manufacture of other non‑metallic mineral products, DJ27 Manufacture of basic metals, DJ28 Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment, DM351 Building and repairing of ships and boats, DN Manufacturing n.e.c. high intermediate tech: DG241Manufacture of basic chemicals, DG242 Manufacture of pesticides and other agro‑chemical products, DG247 Manufacture of man‑made fibres, DG243 Manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar coatings, printing ink and mastics, DG245 Manufacture of soap and detergents, cleaning and polishing preparations, perfumes and toilet preparations, DG246 Manufacture of other chemical products, DK291 Manufacture of machinery for the production and use of mechanical power, except aircraft, vehicle and cycle engines, DK293 Manufacture of agricultural and forestry machinery, DK294 Manufacture of machine‑tools, DK295 Manufacture of other special purpose machinery, DK292 Manufacture of other general purpose machinery, DL31 Manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus n.e.c., DK297 Manufacture of domestic appliances n.e.c., DM352 Manufacture of railway and tramway locomotives and rolling stock, DM34 Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi‑trailers, DM354 Manufacture of motorcycles and bicycles, DM355 Manufacture of other transport equipment n.e.c., DL33 Manufacture of medical, precision and optical instruments, watches and clocks, DK296 Manufacture of weapons and ammunition. high tech: DG244 Manufacture of pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals and botanical products, DL30 Manufacture of office machinery and computers, DL32 Manufacture of radio, television and communication equipment and apparatus, DM353 Manufacture of aircraft and spacecraft. As with all indicators, interpretations should be cautious. The base of the calculation of the indicators is the manufacturing aggregates in all countries, so some countries with a relatively small manufacturing base can obtain high values in a certain category of skill and technology. The overall EU‑25 is characterised by high shares in the medium low technology and medium high technology sectors. Those represent almost two thirds of the EU‑25 in 2007. Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Malta, Sweden, and the United Kingdom have had the highest shares of high technology sectors, above 13 %, in 2007. Those are also the countries with the highest specialisation indices, above 1.3, in high technology sectors in 2007. Cyprus, Estonia, Greece, Latvia, Lithuania and Portugal have the highest shares of low technology, above 40 %, in 2007 and also have the highest specialisation indexes in low technology sectors, above 1.6. There were very few significant structural changes from 1997 to 2007. With the exception of Portugal, all the countries with high shares and specialisation in low technology are moving up the
technology scale. They are less and less specialised in low technology industries. Latvia’s low technology sector share in the economy decreased from 69 % to 54 %, Cyprus from 58 % to 45 %, Lithuania from 59 % to 44 % and Greece and Estonia from 55 % to 43 % and 42 % respectively. On the other side of the spectrum, Finland has reinforced its high technology specialisation. Finland, which was still behind Sweden in Ireland in 1997 in terms of overall share of high technology sectors, has the highest share TAbLE II.5: Share of industry by technology categories in 1997 and 2007 (%) Chapter II — Changes in EU Industrial structure of high technology industries in 2007. High technology manufacturing industries represented more than 20 % of Finish manufacturing. The importance of Nokia in the Finnish economy explains a large part of this. The relationship between technology and skill intensities is weak for some countries. Cyprus, which exhibited large shares and large specialisation in high skill sectors according to the two previous tables, is specialised in low technology and medium‑technology sectors, cf. Tables II.5 and II.6. ht mht mlt lt 1997 2007 1997 2007 1997 2007 1997 2007 austria 8.1 6.0 27.0 33.8 35.1 34.7 29.8 25.5 Belgium 8.9 12.1 33.7 28.6 29.3 33.4 28.1 26.0 cyprus 1.6 3.1 8.5 10.3 32.0 41.4 57.9 45.3 czech republic 6.6 4.9 27.6 37.3 36.6 36.5 29.2 21.4 denmark 9.8 9.3 27.6 32.5 28.2 28.9 34.4 29.4 Estonia 5.2 3.9 17.0 18.4 23.0 35.8 54.8 41.9 Finland 12.5 20.7 24.8 24.6 23.4 26.2 39.3 28.5 France 11.1 10.6 29.2 29.6 30.2 32.7 29.5 27.0 germany 9.8 8.3 40.6 49.7 28.0 25.2 21.6 16.8 greece 3.3 4.9 12.8 11.9 29.2 40.2 54.6 43.0 hungary 9.0 13.0 29.4 39.8 29.5 27.2 32.1 20.0 ireland 18.0 18.8 35.1 37.0 11.1 9.5 35.8 34.7 italy 6.5 5.6 28.4 30.0 32.9 36.3 32.2 28.2 latvia 4.5 3.0 11.0 12.0 16.2 31.2 68.3 53.8 lithuania 6.1 2.2 13.2 18.1 22.4 36.2 58.3 43.5 luxembourg 0.6 1.1 19.7 16.6 54.1 60.6 25.7 21.6 malta 11.0 14.4 24.8 31.1 28.7 26.9 35.4 27.6 netherlands 7.7 4.6 28.8 31.3 28.7 31.0 34.8 33.1 poland 4.2 3.8 24.3 26.9 33.0 35.5 38.5 33.9 portugal 5.6 2.3 18.8 17.1 28.2 33.0 47.4 47.5 slovakia 4.8 6.0 25.4 27.7 39.1 40.6 30.7 25.7 slovenia 9.4 7.7 25.7 34.5 29.5 34.1 35.4 23.7 spain 6.0 4.7 28.0 28.6 33.3 38.3 32.8 28.4 sweden 15.0 14.7 33.6 34.5 23.6 26.2 27.8 24.6 united Kingdom 12.0 13.2 29.3 27.6 26.2 26.6 32.4 32.6 Eu‑25 8.5 9.5 32.2 35.7 30.5 29.6 28.8 25.2 Note: Bulgaria and Romania not available for lack of data. Source: own calculations using EU KLEMS and Eurostat data. TAbLE II.6: Country specialisation by technology categories in 1997 and 2007 ht mht mlt lt 1997 2007 1997 2007 1997 2007 1997 2007 austria 1.0 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.0 Belgium 1.0 1.3 1.0 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 cyprus 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.0 1.4 2.0 1.8 czech republic 0.8 0.5 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.8 denmark 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.2 >>> 49
Page 1: EU industrial structure 2011 Trends
Page 4 and 5: ENTERPRISE & INDUSTRY MAGAZINE The
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Page 17 and 18: Chapter I The aftermath of the cris
Page 19 and 20: The impact of the last downturn in
Page 21 and 22: The impacts of the latest recession
Page 23 and 24: The previous figures imply that the
Page 25 and 26: i12 services recession and recovery
Page 27 and 28: Chapter I — The aftermath of the
Page 29 and 30: nacE rev 2 growth 2009 Chapter I
Page 31 and 32: The third step in assessing future
Page 33 and 34: The business survey indicator used
Page 37 and 38: Chapter II Changes in EU Industrial
Page 39 and 40: While there is some variety in the
Page 41 and 42: developments. This is confirmed by
Page 43 and 44: Looking at the overall specialisati
Page 45 and 46: TAbLE II.2: Sectoral specialisation
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Page 55 and 56: definition of shocks. Shocks, or di
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FIgURE IV.1: EU accounts for almost
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TAbLE IV.4: EU exports of manufactu
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iv22 Export market shares Export ma
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iv23 sectoral trade balance The rel
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FIgURE IV.3: EU-27 RCA index in 200
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RCA‑indices for individual manufa
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FIgURE IV.8: China trade in manufac
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communi‑ cation computer and info
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FIgURE IV.17: Russia trade in servi
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The import dependence of exports, v
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In many sectors, outward EU‑27 FD
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iv62 internationalisation of r&d An
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The US is the most important locati
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