EU industrial structure - EU Bookshop - Europa

Table of Contents
ExEcutivE summary 8
OvErviEw 12
Chapter I
thE aFtErmath OF thE crisis — a lOng and unEvEn rEcOvEry(?) 15
I.1 Recession and recovery(?) ....................................................................................................................................................................15
I.1.1 Manufacturing recession and recovery(?)..........................................................................................................................16
I.1.2 Services recession and recovery(?) ...................................................................................................................................... 23
I.2 Sector developments: the current recovery(?) ..............................................................................................................................24
I.2.1 Recent developments in manufacturing industries ....................................................................................................... 24
I.2.2 Recent developments in services industries ..................................................................................................................... 30
I.3 Annex Figures ............................................................................................................................................................................................32
Chapter II
changEs in Eu industrial structurE 35
II.1 The shares of industries and sectoral specialisation in the EU ................................................................................................35
II.1.1 Structural change in the EU .................................................................................................................................................. 35
II.1.2 Member states’ sectoral specialisation .............................................................................................................................. 39
II.2 Skill and technology specialization .................................................................................................................................................. 45
II.2.1 Changes in skills’ specialization .......................................................................................................................................... 45
II.2.2 Changes in technology specialization ............................................................................................................................... 48
II.3 Size distribution of enterprises .......................................................................................................................................................... 50
II.4 Services output of manufacturing .....................................................................................................................................................51
II.5 Inter‑sectoral spillovers — a case study ...........................................................................................................................................52
Appendix figure ...................................................................................................................................................................................................55
Chapter III
drivErs OF sEctOr grOwth and cOmpEtitivEnEss 57
III.1 Output growth across sectors .............................................................................................................................................................57
III.2 Sectoral competitiveness indicators ................................................................................................................................................ 60
III.2.1 Labour productivity ............................................................................................................................................................... 63
III.2.2 Unit labour costs ..................................................................................................................................................................... 67
III.3 Factors of production ............................................................................................................................................................................ 69
III.3.1 Labour ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 69
III.3.2 Human capital ........................................................................................................................................................................ 71
III.3.3 Gross fixed capital formation ...............................................................................................................................................74
III.3.4 Energy intensity ....................................................................................................................................................................... 77
III.3.5 Technology ............................................................................................................................................................................... 78
III.3.5.1 R&D .......................................................................................................................................................................... 80
III.3.5.2 Patents ......................................................................................................................................................................81
III.3.5.3 Innovation .............................................................................................................................................................. 84
III.4 Demand‑side drivers: a sectoral picture ........................................................................................................................................ 86
III.4.1 Private Consumption ............................................................................................................................................................. 86
III.4.2 Investment demand ................................................................................................................................................................91
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