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EU industrial structure 2011 — Trends and Performance Belgium, Cyprus, France, Luxembourg and the United Kingdom have the highest shares of high skilled labour, above the EU‑25 average of 43 %, in the economy in 2007. Those countries also display the highest specialisations, above 1, in high skill sectors in 2007. The Czech Republic, Greece, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Spain have the highest shares of low skilled labour, well above the EU‑25 average of 21 %, in the economy in 2007. They also display the highest specialisation indexes in low labour skill sectors. There were very few significant structural changes from 1997 to 2007. The most remarkable move towards high skilled labour 46 low intermediate skill: DD Manufacture of wood and wood products, DE Manufacture of pulp, paper and paper products; publishing and printing, DJ28 Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment, DK Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c., DL31 Manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus n.e.c., F Construction, G Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles and personal and household goods, I60 Land transport; transport via pipelines, I61 Water transport. high intermediate skill: DL33 Manufacture of medical, precision and optical instruments, watches and clocks, DM35 Manufacture of other transport equipment, E Electricity, gas and water supply, I62 Air transport, I63 Supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies, I64 Post and telecommunications, K71Renting of machinery and equipment without operator and of personal and household goods, N Health and social work. high skill: DF Manufacture of coke, refined petroleum products and nuclear fuel, DG Manufacture of chemicals, chemical products and man‑made fibres, DL30 Manufacture of office machinery and computers, DL32 Manufacture of radio, television and communication equipment and apparatus, J Financial intermediation, K70 Real estate activities, K72 Computer and related activities, K73 Research and development, K74 Other business activities, L Public administration and defence; compulsory social security, M Education. To obtain a sufficiently detailed sectoral skill intensity data set, the Eurostat and EU‑KLEMS databases were combined. TAbLE II.3: Share of industry by labour skill in 1997 and 2007 (%) industries can be observed in Latvia: both the shares of these industries and the specialisation indexes have significantly increased. The low‑intermediary skill sectors in Latvia have also seen their shares and specialisation index improve. The change has taken place at the expense of the high‑intermediary skill and low skill sectors. Lithuania, the neighbour country, has not made as impressive progress towards high skill sectors, but the size of low skill sectors in the economy has shrunk considerably. Malta and Portugal both increased their shares and specialisation in high and intermediary‑high skill sectors, cf. Tables II.3 and II.4. hs his lis ls 1997 2007 1997 2007 1997 2007 1997 2007 austria 34.6 35.9 13.5 14.4 32.6 31.0 19.3 18.7 Belgium 44.8 46.1 15.5 16.3 24.9 25.5 14.8 12.1 cyprus 36.5 43.2 12.7 12.4 26.4 26.5 24.5 17.9 czech republic 26.8 29.0 14.4 15.0 33.0 33.5 25.7 22.5 denmark 36.1 37.6 18.0 17.9 28.8 28.4 17.1 16.2 Estonia 32.2 34.2 14.6 14.0 31.0 35.0 22.2 16.7 Finland 34.0 36.7 18.2 17.8 31.9 31.1 16.0 14.4 France 44.8 47.3 15.5 14.1 24.0 25.1 15.8 13.5 germany 40.1 41.2 15.4 16.6 27.9 25.4 16.7 16.8 greece 34.8 35.0 11.8 13.2 25.9 29.6 27.4 22.2 hungary 36.3 40.6 13.3 13.2 26.3 26.8 24.2 19.5 >>>
Chapter II — Changes in EU Industrial structure hs his lis ls 1997 2007 1997 2007 1997 2007 1997 2007 ireland 39.5 42.6 12.8 14.9 26.4 28.2 21.2 14.3 italy 37.0 40.7 11.9 12.7 30.4 29.4 20.7 17.2 latvia 27.2 33.8 17.3 13.1 33.7 37.9 21.8 15.3 lithuania 26.7 28.3 13.4 14.1 32.6 38.6 27.3 19.0 luxembourg n.a. 55.5 n.a 13.3 n.a 21.1 n.a 10.1 malta 32.0 37.6 13.7 16.1 28.7 21.4 25.6 24.9 netherlands 40.1 41.5 14.9 16.8 26.9 25.9 18.1 15.7 poland 28.4 30.8 11.1 13.0 35.6 34.6 24.9 21.7 portugal 35.9 39.3 12.8 15.9 28.9 25.9 22.4 18.9 slovakia 29.2 29.0 14.5 13.8 35.6 36.7 20.6 20.5 slovenia 33.7 37.7 12.5 13.6 31.3 30.7 22.5 18.1 spain 32.6 34.1 13.0 12.7 27.7 31.5 26.8 21.7 sweden 37.5 37.1 19.3 19.9 28.3 28.7 14.9 14.3 united Kingdom 37.8 43.1 15.5 15.6 27.5 25.4 19.3 15.9 Eu‑25 41.2 42.6 14.9 15.2 26.6 26.5 17.2 15.7 Note: Bulgaria and Romania not available for lack of data. Source: own calculations using EU KLEMS and Eurostat data. TAbLE II.4: Country specialisation by labour skill in 1997 and 2007 hs his lis ls 1997 2007 1997 2007 1997 2007 1997 2007 austria 0.84 0.84 0.90 0.94 1.23 1.17 1.12 1.19 Belgium 1.09 1.08 1.03 1.07 0.94 0.96 0.86 0.77 cyprus 0.88 1.01 0.85 0.81 0.99 1.00 1.42 1.14 czech republic 0.65 0.68 0.97 0.99 1.24 1.26 1.50 1.44 denmark 0.88 0.88 1.20 1.18 1.08 1.07 1.00 1.03 Estonia 0.78 0.80 0.98 0.92 1.16 1.32 1.29 1.07 Finland 0.82 0.86 1.22 1.17 1.20 1.17 0.93 0.92 France 1.09 1.11 1.04 0.92 0.90 0.95 0.92 0.86 germany 0.97 0.97 1.03 1.09 1.05 0.96 0.97 1.07 greece 0.84 0.82 0.79 0.87 0.97 1.12 1.60 1.41 hungary 0.88 0.95 0.89 0.87 0.99 1.01 1.41 1.24 ireland 0.96 1.00 0.86 0.98 0.99 1.06 1.24 0.91 italy 0.90 0.96 0.80 0.83 1.14 1.11 1.21 1.10 latvia 0.66 0.79 1.16 0.86 1.26 1.43 1.27 0.98 lithuania 0.65 0.66 0.90 0.92 1.22 1.46 1.59 1.21 luxembourg n.a. 1.30 n.a. 0.87 n.a. 0.80 n.a. 0.64 malta 0.78 0.88 0.92 1.06 1.08 0.81 1.49 1.59 netherlands 0.97 0.97 0.99 1.11 1.01 0.98 1.05 1.00 poland 0.69 0.72 0.74 0.85 1.33 1.30 1.45 1.38 portugal 0.87 0.92 0.86 1.05 1.08 0.98 1.30 1.21 slovakia 0.71 0.68 0.97 0.91 1.34 1.38 1.20 1.31 slovenia 0.82 0.88 0.84 0.89 1.17 1.16 1.31 1.15 spain 0.79 0.80 0.87 0.84 1.04 1.19 1.56 1.38 sweden 0.91 0.87 1.29 1.31 1.06 1.08 0.87 0.91 united Kingdom 0.92 1.01 1.04 1.03 1.03 0.96 1.12 1.01 Note: Bulgaria and Romania not available for lack of data. Source: own calculations using EU KLEMS and Eurostat data. 47
Page 1: EU industrial structure 2011 Trends
Page 4 and 5: ENTERPRISE & INDUSTRY MAGAZINE The
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Page 17 and 18: Chapter I The aftermath of the cris
Page 19 and 20: The impact of the last downturn in
Page 21 and 22: The impacts of the latest recession
Page 23 and 24: The previous figures imply that the
Page 25 and 26: i12 services recession and recovery
Page 27 and 28: Chapter I — The aftermath of the
Page 29 and 30: nacE rev 2 growth 2009 Chapter I
Page 31 and 32: The third step in assessing future
Page 33 and 34: The business survey indicator used
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Page 39 and 40: While there is some variety in the
Page 41 and 42: developments. This is confirmed by
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Chapter IV — International compet
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FIgURE IV.1: EU accounts for almost
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TAbLE IV.4: EU exports of manufactu
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iv22 Export market shares Export ma
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iv23 sectoral trade balance The rel
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FIgURE IV.3: EU-27 RCA index in 200
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RCA‑indices for individual manufa
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FIgURE IV.8: China trade in manufac
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communi‑ cation computer and info
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In many sectors, outward EU‑27 FD
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The US is the most important locati
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