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EU industrial structure 2011 — Trends and Performance TAbLE II.2 (continued): Sectoral specialisation indices 1997 and 2009 44 iE it lt lu lv mt nl pl pt rO sE si sK uK code sector 1997 2009 1997 2009 1997 2009 1997 2009 2000 2009 1997 2009 1997 2009 1997 2005 1997 2007 1997 2008 1997 2009 1997 2009 1997 2009 1997 2005 a agriculture, hunting and forestry 1.77 0.56 1.13 1.09 3.96 2.06 0.31 0.19 1.84 2.00 0.96 1.14 1.25 1.06 2.43 2.50 1.58 1.24 6.95 4.30 0.95 1.09 1.54 1.53 1.96 2.46 0.49 0.48 B Fishing 3.87 1.34 1.31 1.48 0.47 1.25 0.00 0.00 4.37 1.77 2.24 3.86 0.84 0.45 0.35 0.29 3.63 4.11 0.08 0.16 0.33 0.39 0.13 0.21 0.04 0.11 0.56 0.43 c mining and quarrying 0.92 0.68 0.62 0.48 0.48 0.42 0.16 0.12 0.13 0.65 0.32 0.45 3.09 4.06 3.56 3.17 0.53 0.63 3.11 1.22 0.36 0.81 0.94 0.61 1.04 0.78 2.70 2.79 d manufacturing 1.56 1.63 1.10 1.09 0.94 1.10 0.66 0.43 0.70 0.67 1.01 0.90 0.82 0.85 1.00 1.07 0.95 0.85 1.31 1.36 1.09 1.05 1.31 1.32 1.16 1.32 1.03 0.75 da Food products; beverages and 2.23 2.16 0.92 0.98 2.24 2.06 0.51 0.35 1.67 1.22 1.21 0.97 1.23 1.51 1.55 1.60 1.02 0.95 3.41 3.03 0.78 0.71 1.27 0.86 1.13 0.92 1.14 0.94 tobacco dB textiles and textile products 0.65 0.29 2.30 2.68 3.08 2.32 1.15 0.59 1.78 1.00 2.44 1.01 0.36 0.35 1.58 1.32 3.23 3.18 2.64 2.81 0.23 0.28 2.29 1.33 1.32 1.27 1.02 0.53 dc leather and leather products 0.28 0.24 3.38 3.96 1.73 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.13 1.71 0.08 0.20 0.18 1.43 0.86 4.82 3.70 2.29 2.82 0.16 0.00 2.78 1.80 1.45 1.71 0.55 0.22 dd wood and wood products 0.81 0.59 1.19 1.08 1.86 3.73 0.42 0.32 5.98 5.91 0.18 0.20 0.52 0.66 1.71 1.82 1.49 1.83 1.95 2.37 1.86 1.96 2.20 2.02 1.82 3.92 0.65 0.69 dE paper products; publishing and 2.60 2.46 0.72 0.81 0.69 0.86 0.47 0.40 0.64 0.74 0.75 1.18 1.16 1.14 0.73 0.95 0.93 0.93 0.44 0.81 1.70 1.59 1.30 1.19 1.08 1.01 1.36 1.15 printing dF refined petroleum products 0.13 0.10 1.45 0.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.05 0.01 0.81 1.27 1.45 1.88 0.25 1.23 2.54 3.25 0.68 1.04 0.23 0.03 5.08 1.40 0.96 0.66 dg chemicals, chemical products 4.47 6.03 0.85 0.76 0.66 1.06 0.50 0.16 0.21 0.39 0.47 1.09 1.35 1.09 0.76 0.73 0.64 0.49 0.66 0.54 1.10 1.38 1.45 1.85 0.91 0.46 1.02 0.82 dh rubber and plastic products 0.67 0.58 1.05 0.89 0.28 1.20 2.23 1.09 0.25 0.43 1.25 0.90 0.60 0.63 1.02 1.44 0.65 0.77 0.58 1.22 0.74 0.69 1.56 2.00 0.94 1.66 1.16 0.91 di Other non‑metallic mineral 1.24 0.70 1.26 1.19 0.86 0.83 1.21 0.79 0.45 0.73 0.86 0.87 0.66 0.72 1.37 1.50 2.12 1.55 1.44 1.63 0.47 0.62 1.33 1.18 1.47 1.70 0.77 0.66 products dJ Basic metals and fabricated 0.40 0.32 1.32 1.27 0.18 0.36 1.44 1.13 0.52 0.47 0.35 0.23 0.74 0.71 0.94 0.95 0.67 0.63 1.14 0.91 1.21 0.99 1.33 1.58 1.67 1.88 0.89 0.59 metal products dK machinery and equipment nec 0.50 0.28 1.22 1.30 0.37 0.29 0.51 0.29 0.25 0.16 0.23 0.10 0.63 0.68 0.78 0.76 0.41 0.45 0.78 0.53 1.29 1.11 1.09 1.29 1.07 0.76 0.84 0.59 dl Electrical and optical equipment 2.55 2.56 0.89 0.96 0.51 0.50 0.23 0.23 0.21 0.39 2.02 1.96 0.56 0.45 0.66 0.71 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.81 1.31 1.42 1.30 1.27 0.82 1.64 1.13 0.64 dm transport equipment 0.27 0.23 0.65 0.62 0.25 0.58 0.04 0.06 0.23 0.25 0.59 0.70 0.40 0.34 0.62 0.90 0.59 0.45 0.75 1.63 1.32 0.91 0.43 0.86 0.55 1.58 1.05 0.76 dn manufacturing nec 0.77 0.58 1.37 1.46 0.98 2.62 0.33 0.15 0.94 0.94 3.39 2.47 1.46 1.62 1.45 1.48 1.04 1.08 1.82 1.46 0.73 0.70 1.88 1.45 0.92 1.40 1.01 0.85 E Electricity, gas and water supply 0.53 0.66 0.81 0.95 1.58 1.60 0.54 0.51 1.85 1.50 0.79 0.85 0.59 0.95 1.19 1.71 1.02 1.35 1.38 0.98 1.13 1.38 0.90 1.32 1.51 2.29 0.81 1.03 F construction 0.99 0.89 0.91 1.00 1.34 1.02 1.11 0.85 1.10 1.05 0.77 0.61 0.94 0.96 1.29 1.00 1.26 1.06 1.04 1.85 0.76 0.83 1.19 1.25 1.30 1.50 0.90 0.96 g wholesale and retail trade 0.89 0.85 1.14 0.98 1.37 1.52 0.91 1.02 1.42 1.36 1.26 0.97 1.13 1.10 1.63 1.65 1.18 1.20 0.81 1.05 0.89 1.03 1.04 1.12 1.20 1.43 0.98 1.01 h hotels and restaurants 0.87 0.75 1.32 1.32 0.64 0.47 0.92 0.50 0.40 0.46 2.54 1.46 0.71 0.58 0.38 0.42 1.41 1.65 1.04 0.65 0.49 0.50 0.89 0.78 0.60 0.46 1.01 0.98 i transport, storage and 0.86 0.80 1.03 1.07 1.39 2.02 1.47 1.28 2.03 1.67 1.47 1.21 1.04 0.93 0.91 1.03 0.96 1.02 1.25 1.63 1.17 1.07 1.04 1.06 1.55 1.04 1.12 1.02 communication J Financial intermediation 1.29 1.70 0.81 0.93 0.28 0.39 3.93 4.49 1.00 1.06 1.00 0.95 1.22 1.29 0.76 0.78 1.22 1.39 0.64 0.46 1.11 0.77 0.89 0.87 0.73 0.70 1.20 1.48 K real estate, renting and business 0.61 0.75 0.94 1.01 0.49 0.62 0.90 0.96 0.67 0.86 0.62 0.80 1.00 0.89 0.58 0.63 0.68 0.68 0.53 0.55 0.95 0.94 0.72 0.79 0.67 0.65 0.98 1.07 activities l public administration and 0.73 0.84 0.87 1.03 1.27 1.13 0.85 0.79 1.30 1.26 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.12 0.91 0.98 1.17 1.40 0.41 0.78 0.80 0.75 0.81 0.96 0.78 1.08 0.76 0.76 defence m Education 0.96 1.11 1.07 0.94 1.03 1.20 0.85 0.75 1.04 1.04 1.13 1.10 0.90 0.95 0.93 0.99 1.33 1.30 0.40 0.76 1.10 1.09 1.09 1.07 0.68 0.64 1.09 1.06 n health and social work 0.96 1.08 0.85 0.81 0.57 0.54 0.72 0.66 0.52 0.44 0.73 0.88 1.18 1.30 0.54 0.52 0.80 0.86 0.23 0.43 1.55 1.54 0.80 0.75 0.72 0.44 1.00 1.01 O Other social & personal services 0.85 0.73 0.86 0.76 0.78 0.75 0.62 0.50 1.06 1.20 1.12 2.76 0.81 0.78 0.91 0.95 0.57 0.62 0.63 0.82 0.97 1.09 0.96 0.84 0.81 0.87 1.10 1.20 p activities of households 0.26 0.20 1.91 2.08 0.09 0.18 1.03 0.74 0.00 0.00 0.38 0.59 0.82 0.82 1.26 1.16 1.63 1.80 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.08 0.18 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.94 0.93 Source: own calculations using Eurostat data.
For countries as a whole, it should be noted that, in principle, specialization is not necessarily a good or bad thing per se. On one hand, specialization may reflect a natural focus on what the country does better relative to trade partners (comparative advantage), and hence a gain of overall productivity. On the other hand, diversification will always render a society more resilient to external shocks; a downturn in a specific sector can be compensated by other sectors still doing well and feeding public finances that eventually help cushion the negative impact of the shock (e.g., paying unemployment insurance). Nevertheless, diversification can also be seen as reflecting a society with a wider choice for its citizens; a high degree of diversification is very likely reflecting a strong and diverse human capital base that makes it possible to have from artists to engineers producing from haut couture to satellites. Given that by nature larger countries tend to be more diversified, countries below the line in figure II.6 can be seen as reaping the benefits from having a more diversified economy than the average country given its size. In that reading, Belgium is a highly diversified country for its size whereas Italy, despite its large size, is less diversified and, in principle, more vulnerable to sectoral shocks or to competition from emerging economies due to high specialisation in low skill industries such as textiles and leather products. box II.2: Labour skills taxonomy Chapter II — Changes in EU Industrial structure The taxonomy of labour skills is presented and discussed in Chapter II of O’Mahony and van Ark (2003), EU productivity and competitiveness — An industry perspective, European Commission. A measure of educational attainment is the metric that has been used to reflect skill intensity. The sectors from the NACE Rev1. classification were broken down in the following way: II.2 Skill and technology specialization The sectors analysed are classified according to the statistical nomenclature (NACE Rev. 2) presenting data on economic activities. It is sometimes useful to use other ways to classify sectors according to economic and technological criteria. Such classification can be used to illustrate similarities and differences between countries and sectors. Industry taxonomies are used for this purpose to group industries that have common characteristics. Once the taxonomies are applied to EU member states, it is possible to compare patterns across countries. The focus below is on two different taxonomies: one on skills and one on technology. It is not only the quantity of these inputs that matters for sectoral performance but also their qualities. As in the previous section, two different types of indicators are available: a breakdown by value added share and specialisation. ii21 changes in skills’ specialization The types of education and training that contribute to making a sector competitive can be very sector‑specific. Similarly, different levels of skills are needed across sectors. The measure of skill intensity, represented by the levels34 of education attainment that dominate in a sector, reflects this heterogeneity. The sectors in which people reached a similar level of educational attainment are classified according to different levels of skills. This led to four different categories, cf. Box II.2. low skill: A Agriculture, hunting and forestry, B Fishing, C Mining and quarrying, DA15 Manufacture of food products and beverages, DA16 Manufacture of tobacco products, DB Manufacture of textiles and textile products, DC Manufacture of leather and leather products, DH Manufacture of rubber and plastic products, DI Manufacture of other non‑metallic mineral products, DJ27 Manufacture of basic metals, DM34 Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi‑trailers, DN36 Manufacture of furniture; manufacturing n.e.c., DN37 Recycling, H Hotels and restaurants, O Other community, social, personal service activities. 34 A common measure is the one provided by International Standard classification ISCED. The classification can be found on: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Pages/default.aspx 45
Page 1: EU industrial structure 2011 Trends
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Chapter IV International competitiv
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Chapter IV — International compet
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FIgURE IV.1: EU accounts for almost
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TAbLE IV.4: EU exports of manufactu
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iv22 Export market shares Export ma
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iv23 sectoral trade balance The rel
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FIgURE IV.3: EU-27 RCA index in 200
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RCA‑indices for individual manufa
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FIgURE IV.8: China trade in manufac
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communi‑ cation computer and info
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