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EU industrial structure 2011 — Trends and Performance FIgURE II.6: Large economies are less dependent on a few sectors 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 500 1 000 1 500 2 000 2 500 42 LU BG GR RO LV PT EE HU LT MT IE DK CY SK CZ SI FI SE AT BE NL PL Source: own calculations using Eurostat data. As explained in Box II.1, being highly specialised in a sector does not mean that the sector in question represents a large share in the economy. A sector in which a country is specialised represents, in proportion, more than in other countries. In certain countries, sectoral indexes reach very high values. The indices should be interpreted with caution. As indicated in the headings below every country abbreviation, data availability for the countries differs substantially in some cases. The latest data available for UK and Poland refer to 2005 and 2006 for Bulgaria. For the countries where data is available for 2009, the recent crisis may have affected the specialisation indices significantly compared to 2008: manufacturing of refined petroleum products illustrates this. The industry only accounted for 1.7 % and 1.9 % of Hungarian GDP in 2008 and 2009 respectively. The corresponding EU‑27 shares were 0.3 % and 0.2 %. Even though the industry declined in absolute terms in Hungary, the specialisation index increased from 5.5 to 8.5 since it declined less than the whole economy while the opposite occurred for the whole EU‑27. ES IT UK FR The highest sectoral level of specialisation is in Hungary, with a specialisation of 8.5 in refined petroleum products. Another high level of sectoral specialisation is found in Ireland with a specialisation of 6.0 in chemicals. Bulgaria and Romania show high specialisation in agriculture. These findings reflect the trend according to which the more developed a country is, the less important the primary sector becomes. For mining and quarrying, Bulgaria, Denmark and the Netherlands are the most specialised. The lowest specialisation in manufacturing can be found in Cyprus, Greece, Latvia and Luxembourg, with specialisation indices between 0.4 and 0.7. Luxembourg stands out as highly specialised in financial intermediation. Looking more closely at manufacturing sectors, a few facts are worth highlighting. The Baltic countries Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are highly specialised in the wood industry with specialisation indices between 3 and 6. Italy still has a very high specialisation in leather, cf. Table II.2. DE
TAbLE II.2: Sectoral specialisation indices 1997 and 2009 Chapter II — Changes in EU Industrial structure at BE Bg cy cZ dE dK EE Es Fi Fr El hu code sector 1997 2007 1997 2009 1998 2006 1997 2009 1997 2009 1997 2009 1997 2009 1997 2009 1997 2009 1997 2009 1999 2009 2000 2009 1997 2009 a agriculture, hunting and forestry 0.86 1.01 0.57 0.41 7.35 4.99 1.40 1.30 1.54 1.42 0.48 0.56 1.08 0.50 1.72 1.46 1.74 1.55 1.48 1.66 1.22 1.05 2.66 1.79 2.57 2.06 B Fishing 0.04 0.06 0.31 0.26 0.46 0.54 2.57 3.13 0.45 0.11 0.11 0.17 2.54 1.92 5.73 4.19 3.21 2.79 1.08 1.01 1.18 1.05 5.75 4.73 0.19 0.25 c mining and quarrying 0.43 0.53 0.19 0.15 2.38 3.30 0.28 0.46 2.08 1.52 0.34 0.39 1.55 3.46 1.83 1.76 0.44 0.25 0.35 0.51 0.21 0.20 0.60 0.54 0.48 0.34 d manufacturing 1.01 1.17 1.03 0.94 0.97 1.08 0.56 0.46 1.38 1.59 1.13 1.53 0.86 0.89 1.01 0.96 0.96 0.85 1.25 1.22 0.82 0.71 0.57 0.69 1.16 1.44 da Food products; beverages and 0.91 0.98 1.11 1.06 2.25 1.45 1.59 1.06 1.67 1.49 0.84 0.84 1.24 1.23 1.95 1.15 1.21 1.11 0.95 0.92 0.91 0.77 1.22 1.82 1.42 1.14 tobacco dB textiles and textile products 0.84 0.78 1.14 1.05 2.59 4.81 1.14 0.33 1.45 1.24 0.53 0.63 0.47 0.32 2.28 1.94 1.16 0.79 0.56 0.46 0.75 0.61 1.62 1.76 1.48 0.72 dc leather and leather products 0.64 0.53 0.25 0.23 3.08 1.72 1.26 0.21 1.05 0.60 0.32 0.36 0.24 0.03 1.47 0.68 1.73 1.00 0.47 0.40 0.69 0.65 0.63 0.61 1.61 1.03 dd wood and wood products 2.17 2.37 0.64 0.70 0.89 0.96 1.54 1.61 1.86 2.62 1.05 0.95 1.10 0.88 4.61 5.56 1.01 0.76 3.21 2.08 0.64 0.56 0.67 0.46 1.08 0.85 dE paper products; publishing and 0.96 1.07 0.89 0.89 0.63 0.57 0.49 0.55 0.84 1.07 1.00 1.19 1.04 0.83 0.86 0.99 0.88 0.97 2.99 2.36 0.74 0.70 0.42 0.65 0.75 0.84 printing dF refined petroleum products 1.24 0.80 1.90 2.69 5.52 3.41 0.41 0.02 1.38 0.21 0.53 0.54 0.13 0.62 0.09 2.23 1.53 1.01 0.83 1.77 1.13 0.66 2.07 3.41 6.58 8.45 dg chemicals, chemical products 0.58 0.87 1.98 1.72 0.67 0.68 0.26 0.27 0.98 0.69 1.15 1.49 0.90 1.17 0.71 0.46 0.87 0.87 0.77 0.96 0.81 0.73 0.39 0.37 1.17 1.26 dh rubber and plastic products 0.89 1.07 0.82 0.81 0.43 0.69 0.40 0.39 1.09 2.51 1.22 1.58 0.91 0.90 0.49 0.65 0.93 0.84 0.89 0.96 0.91 0.78 0.42 0.50 0.93 1.64 di Other non‑metallic mineral 1.47 1.47 1.16 1.29 0.59 1.87 1.23 1.59 2.21 2.04 1.02 1.03 0.88 0.73 1.17 1.22 1.51 1.36 0.81 0.93 0.72 0.76 1.06 0.82 1.09 1.19 products dJ Basic metals and fabricated 1.24 1.47 1.12 1.02 0.79 1.32 0.33 0.41 1.99 1.62 1.11 1.58 0.70 0.64 0.54 0.74 0.96 0.99 1.07 1.13 0.90 0.78 0.43 0.57 0.78 0.91 metal products dK machinery and equipment nec 1.05 1.45 0.58 0.54 0.74 0.78 0.13 0.11 1.38 1.57 1.53 2.21 1.23 1.10 0.35 0.41 0.58 0.54 1.44 1.57 0.68 0.61 0.19 0.18 0.79 0.94 dl Electrical and optical equipment 1.07 1.18 0.76 0.61 0.30 0.57 0.07 0.10 1.10 1.81 1.35 2.07 0.72 1.50 0.63 1.16 0.59 0.44 1.81 2.01 0.82 0.57 0.17 0.19 1.46 2.87 dm transport equipment 0.59 0.87 0.88 0.60 0.31 0.23 0.05 0.06 1.13 2.36 1.58 2.31 0.29 0.12 0.55 0.34 1.13 0.77 0.52 0.39 0.94 0.88 0.23 0.25 0.96 1.93 dn manufacturing nec 1.61 1.36 0.74 0.63 0.18 1.12 1.02 0.63 1.33 1.64 0.87 1.03 1.30 1.05 2.01 1.49 1.06 0.99 0.77 0.69 0.74 0.70 0.79 0.76 0.64 0.69 E Electricity, gas and water supply 1.01 1.32 1.15 0.91 2.19 1.84 0.76 0.83 1.47 2.35 0.88 1.10 0.95 0.78 1.18 1.61 1.03 1.02 0.91 1.11 0.82 0.68 1.16 1.09 1.39 1.41 F construction 1.42 1.11 0.88 0.86 0.87 0.94 1.42 1.30 1.34 1.17 1.06 0.64 0.85 0.78 1.09 1.10 1.27 1.71 0.97 1.11 0.91 1.02 1.25 0.71 0.79 0.70 g wholesale and retail trade 1.13 1.09 1.02 1.08 0.54 0.81 1.10 1.10 0.98 1.06 0.92 0.94 1.10 1.03 1.09 1.16 0.97 0.93 0.87 0.89 0.90 0.90 1.26 1.47 0.92 1.04 h hotels and restaurants 1.48 1.52 0.58 0.56 0.78 0.86 3.28 2.00 1.01 0.63 0.54 0.55 0.59 0.51 0.56 0.48 2.71 2.50 0.51 0.55 0.81 0.80 2.60 2.39 0.76 0.52 i transport, storage and 1.10 0.92 1.16 1.16 1.23 1.79 1.20 1.09 1.54 1.54 0.81 0.85 1.17 0.92 1.80 1.62 1.14 0.99 1.34 1.17 0.91 0.97 1.13 1.39 1.23 1.16 communication J Financial intermediation 1.11 0.97 1.20 1.04 0.51 0.92 1.23 1.41 0.58 0.67 0.97 0.62 0.98 1.17 0.54 0.59 0.96 1.14 0.70 0.52 0.94 0.87 1.13 0.93 0.76 0.78 K real estate, renting and 0.74 0.83 1.02 1.06 0.84 0.70 0.82 0.90 0.60 0.62 1.13 1.12 0.85 0.89 0.90 0.92 0.68 0.73 0.81 0.94 1.20 1.24 0.72 0.62 0.76 0.82 business activities l public administration and 0.97 0.92 0.99 1.16 0.87 1.10 1.30 1.56 0.76 0.87 0.94 0.86 0.98 1.02 0.77 1.17 1.92 1.00 0.76 0.81 1.16 1.18 1.31 1.46 1.13 1.35 defence m Education 1.15 1.03 1.37 1.32 0.69 0.73 1.07 1.19 0.82 0.83 0.92 0.82 1.13 1.17 1.09 1.03 0.30 0.98 1.05 1.00 1.18 1.03 1.01 1.30 0.99 0.93 n health and social work 0.86 0.83 1.00 1.03 0.40 0.34 0.58 0.54 0.57 0.56 1.06 0.95 1.65 1.59 0.52 0.55 0.35 0.85 1.36 1.31 1.25 1.21 0.58 0.60 0.70 0.56 O Other social & personal services 1.11 1.00 0.63 0.67 0.38 0.55 1.06 0.94 0.80 0.78 1.27 1.13 1.14 1.14 0.79 0.83 0.76 0.97 1.02 1.00 0.84 0.91 1.03 1.07 1.20 1.15 p activities of households 0.08 0.07 0.48 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.96 2.02 0.03 0.04 0.65 0.61 0.28 0.31 0.10 0.06 2.14 1.52 0.10 0.19 1.06 1.12 1.30 1.68 0.00 0.00 Note: Specialisation index for refined petroleum products in Denmark are based on 2008 data. Source: own calculations using Eurostat data. 43
Page 1: EU industrial structure 2011 Trends
Page 4 and 5: ENTERPRISE & INDUSTRY MAGAZINE The
Page 6 and 7: EU industrial structure 2011 — Tr
Page 17 and 18: Chapter I The aftermath of the cris
Page 19 and 20: The impact of the last downturn in
Page 21 and 22: The impacts of the latest recession
Page 23 and 24: The previous figures imply that the
Page 25 and 26: i12 services recession and recovery
Page 27 and 28: Chapter I — The aftermath of the
Page 29 and 30: nacE rev 2 growth 2009 Chapter I
Page 31 and 32: The third step in assessing future
Page 33 and 34: The business survey indicator used
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Page 39 and 40: While there is some variety in the
Page 41 and 42: developments. This is confirmed by
Page 43: Looking at the overall specialisati
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Page 51 and 52: technology scale. They are less and
Page 53 and 54: ox II.4: SME definition FIgURE II.7
Page 55 and 56: definition of shocks. Shocks, or di
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EU industrial structure 2011 — Tr
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Chapter IV International competitiv
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Chapter IV — International compet
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FIgURE IV.1: EU accounts for almost
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TAbLE IV.4: EU exports of manufactu
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iv22 Export market shares Export ma
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iv23 sectoral trade balance The rel
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FIgURE IV.3: EU-27 RCA index in 200
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RCA‑indices for individual manufa
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FIgURE IV.8: China trade in manufac
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communi‑ cation computer and info
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FIgURE IV.13: Japan trade in servic
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FIgURE IV.17: Russia trade in servi
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IV.4 The role of technology in EU s
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The import dependence of exports, v
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The calculations of vertical specia
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IV.6 International movement of fact
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In many sectors, outward EU‑27 FD
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iv62 internationalisation of r&d An
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The US is the most important locati
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