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EU industrial structure 2011 — Trends and Performance TAbLE IV.10: Manufactured products - World trade matrix, income level: exports in 2009 (%) Export Eu‑27 120 high income non Eu‑27 upper medium income destination low medium income low income Origin EU‑27 26.9 7.3 3.3 2.9 0.4 40.6 High income non EU‑27 6.3 12.8 3.9 7.5 0.6 31.1 Upper medium income 3.4 4.3 1.5 2.1 0.3 11.5 Low medium income 3.3 8.2 1.7 1.9 0.9 16.0 Low income 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.1 1.0 world World 39.8 33.1 10.4 14.6 2.2 100.0 Note: Due to rounding, certain columns or rows do not add up to 100 %. The matrix is calculated from export data. It refers exclusively to manufactured products, so it does not include crude oil and other products from mining and quarrying. The values in each cell are percentage shares of total world trade. The main diagonal in the matrix (shaded cells) represents intra‑region trade (e.g. exports from EU countries to EU countries). Each cell shows the share of total world exports which are exported from an exporter to a certain destination. For example, Upper medium income countries’ exports to EU‑27 accounts for 3.4 % of total world exports and total Upper median income countries’ exports accounts for 11.5 % of total world exports. Source: own calculations using COMTRADE data. When intra‑regional EU trade is excluded from the data, the largest share of EU‑27 trade (both exports and imports) takes place with high income countries. Some 53 % of extra‑EU exports go to other high‑income countries, and 56 % of imports originate from high‑income countries towards the EU. However, 21 % of extra‑EU exports go to low‑medium income countries, and 18% of EU imports also originate from these countries, cf. Tables IV.11 and IV.12. TAbLE IV.11: Manufactured products - World trade matrix income level: destination of exports in 2009 (%) Export Eu‑27 high income non Eu‑27 upper medium income destination low medium income low income world Origin EU‑27 0.0 52.8 23.9 20.8 2.6 100.0 High income non EU‑27 34.5 0.0 21.1 41.0 3.4 100.0 Upper medium income 33.7 43.0 0.0 20.6 3.1 100.0 Low medium income 23.2 58.5 12.3 0.0 6.1 100.0 Low income 15.8 47.3 8.9 28.0 0.0 100.0 Note: Due to rounding, certain columns or rows do not add up to 100 %. The matrix is calculated from export data. It refers exclusively to manufactured products, so it does not include crude oil and other products from mining and quarrying. The main diagonal in the matrix (shaded cells) shows that intra‑regional trade (e.g. exports from EU countries to EU countries) is excluded in this table. Exporters are shown in rows and destination markets in columns. Each cell shows the share of total exports from an exporter to a certain destination. For example, 33.7 % of Upper medium income countries’ exports are destined for EU‑27. Source: own calculations using COMTRADE data.
Chapter IV — International competitiveness of EU industry TAbLE IV.12: Manufactured products - World trade matrix — income level: import destination in 2009 (%) import Eu‑27 high income non Eu‑27 destination upper medium income low medium income low income Origin EU‑27 0.0 38.0 36.1 27.4 26.8 High income non EU‑27 55.7 0.0 43.7 57.1 39.8 Upper medium income 24.2 21.1 0.0 12.8 9.1 Low medium income 18.3 37.5 18.9 0.0 24.3 Low income 1.8 3.5 1.9 2.8 0.0 World 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Note: Due to rounding, certain columns or rows do not add up to 100 %. The matrix is calculated from import data. It refers exclusively to manufactured products, so it does not include crude oil and other products from mining and quarrying. Detailed export data from India were not available for 2008 in the chosen trade classification (HS2007). Exporters are shown in rows and destination markets in columns. Each cell shows the share of total imports for a certain country from an exporting country. For example, 36.1 % of Upper medium income countries’ imports origin in the EU‑27. The last row sums up each exporting country’s share for every importing country. Source: own calculations using COMTRADE data. The most widely used measure of intra‑industry trade (IIT) is the Grubel‑Lloyd (GL) index. The GL index is sensitive to the level of aggregation of industries or products: the higher the level of aggregation of industries, the higher the GL index. 75 The reason for this property of the GL index is that the absolute value of net trade when the industries are defined on a higher level of aggregation, e.g. 4‑digit, box IV.6: Intra-industry trade 75 Put differently, the higher the number of industries (products), the lower the value of the GL index. is equal to or less than the sum of the absolute values of net trade when the industries are defined on a lower level of aggregation, e.g. 6‑digit. For example, net trade with different signs on the lower level of aggregation can cancel out at the higher level of aggregation. The index ranges from 0 (no IIT) to 1 (all trade is intra‑industry), cf. Box IV.6. The GL index for product ‘i’ (where X and M stand for exports and imports, respectively) is defined as follows: The GL index can be defined across products as follows: 121
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EU industrial structure 2011 Trends
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ENTERPRISE & INDUSTRY MAGAZINE The
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EU industrial structure 2011 — Tr
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Chapter I The aftermath of the cris
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The previous figures imply that the
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i12 services recession and recovery
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Chapter I — The aftermath of the
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nacE rev 2 growth 2009 Chapter I
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The third step in assessing future
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The business survey indicator used
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Chapter II Changes in EU Industrial
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While there is some variety in the
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developments. This is confirmed by
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Looking at the overall specialisati
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TAbLE II.2: Sectoral specialisation
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For countries as a whole, it should
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Chapter II — Changes in EU Indust
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technology scale. They are less and
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ox II.4: SME definition FIgURE II.7
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definition of shocks. Shocks, or di
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