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EU industrial structure 2011 — Trends and Performance IV.2 EU manufacturing and services competitiveness by sector While the previous section looked at overall trade flows, this section looks at EU sectoral performance. It analyses first the destination and origin of manufacturing exports and imports. Then it discusses the EU’s trade competitiveness with the aid of three indicators: the share of the EU in the world market, the relative trade balance (RTB), and an index of revealed comparative advantage (RCA). 64 These indicators are used to describe EU competitiveness in external trade in goods. 65 Only the revealed comparative advantage (RCA) is presented for services. The indices are calculated from trade flows, and are assumed to reveal the strongest sectors in each of the countries and regions for which they are calculated, measuring their comparative advantage. The indices are applied to various sectoral classifications to clarify the nature of the comparative advantage in each case. In this section the indicators are presented for a breakdown of manufacturing into 23 groups of products. 66 By way of comparison, section IV.4 analyses trade in manufacturing for products grouped into technology categories. iv21 Eu trade in manufactures by destination The EU mainly trades with partners of similar level of development, but there are noticeable variations across sectors. It is worth underlining that the analyses below only refer to manufactured goods, so agriculture and mining (including energy) products are not included. This has a significant effect on the shares of some trade partners, as in the case of Russia and the oil‑producing countries. In 2009, Russia represented more than a third of EU imports in refined petroleum. The shares of the main trade partners 64 See Balassa (1965) for a discussion of the RCA-index. 65 They were calculated for different time periods (to test for the sensitivity to the financial crisis) and the crisis appeared to have no significant impact on the data. 66 The sectors considered are manufacturing industries at the two-digit level in the Classification of Products by Activity (CPA). 100 in EU manufacturing trade are concentrated in high income and upper medium income partners. 67 In all manufacturing sectors except textiles, paper, machinery, electrical equipment and basic metals, about half or more of EU‑27 exports were destined for high income countries in 2009, cf. Table IV.4. The picture differs for imports. The EU imports more than half of its textiles, clothing, footwear, non metallic mineral products and furniture from low medium income countries. Low income countries exports to the EU reach a level above 10 % only in textiles, clothing and leather and footwear. US exports to the EU are significant in other transport equipments and pharmaceuticals, representing 53 % and 47 % respectively of EU imports. Japan is a large source of EU imports for motor vehicles (32 %) and machinery (18 %). Finally, the BRIC group is presented both as an aggregate and in terms of its separate members, Brazil, Russia India and China. Overall, Russia, Brazil and India count much less than China as far as EU trade is concerned. More than 40 % of EU imports in furniture (54 %), leather and footwear (52 %), clothing (45 %), electrical equipment (44 %), non‑metallic mineral products (43 %), metal products (41 %) come from China. Brazil captures 14 % and 12 % of EU imports of paper and food, cf. Table IV.5. 67 The classification by income level is the one from the World Bank. The country groups are as follow: High non‑EU: Australia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Croatia, China Hong Kong SAR, Iceland, Israel, Japan, Rep. of Korea, Kuwait, China Macao SAR, Oman, Neth. Antilles, New Zealand, Norway, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Switzerland, United Arab Emirates, USA. Upper‑medium: Algeria, Argentina, Bosnia Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Belarus, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Rep., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Jamaica, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Montenegro, Namibia, Panama, Russian Federation, Serbia, South Africa, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, TFYR of Macedonia, Uruguay, Venezuela. Low‑medium: Albania, Angola, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Bolivia, Belize, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Sri Lanka, China, Ecuador, El Salvador, Djibouti, Georgia, Guatemala, Honduras, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Côte d’Ivoire, Jordan, Lesotho, Maldives, Mongolia, Rep. of Moldova, Morocco, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Timor-Leste, India, Swaziland, Syria, Thailand, Tunisia, Ukraine, Egypt. Low: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Burundi, Cambodia, Central African Rep., Chad, Comoros, Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Congo, Benin, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Haiti, Kenya, Dem. People’s Rep. of Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Lao People’s Dem. Rep., Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Nepal, Niger, Pakistan, Guinea-Bissau, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Viet Nam, Somalia, Zimbabwe, Sudan, Tajikistan, Togo, Uganda, United Rep. of Tanzania, Burkina Faso, Uzbekistan, Yemen, Zambia.
TAbLE IV.4: EU exports of manufactured goods in 2009 by destination (%) usa Japan Bric Brazil china india russia low income low medium upper medium high income nacE cOdE income income non Eu‑27 c10 Food 50.2 28.6 18.3 5.1 11.0 5.7 17.1 1.3 3.9 0.3 11.7 c11 Beverages 71.7 16.8 9.4 2.7 35.4 6.4 9.0 1.6 3.0 0.3 4.1 c12 Tobacco 55.5 24.0 19.7 3.8 1.2 22.4 3.1 0.2 0.9 0.0 1.9 c13 Textiles 39.6 27.1 33.7 3.6 10.1 2.8 12.4 1.1 5.5 1.1 4.7 c14 Clothing 56.8 30.1 12.4 2.4 8.9 6.2 17.8 0.3 1.9 0.2 15.4 c15 Leather & footwear 65.7 20.3 14.0 1.2 13.4 10.0 14.1 0.2 4.4 1.0 8.5 c16 Wood & wood products 56.7 22.5 20.0 1.6 8.7 8.9 8.8 0.2 2.3 0.6 5.7 c17 Paper 41.6 33.4 23.8 2.4 9.2 2.3 21.4 2.0 5.7 2.7 11.1 c18 Printing 55.9 30.4 13.2 1.2 12.1 6.6 16.3 3.2 3.4 1.0 8.7 c19 Refined petroleum 52.7 22.9 19.9 5.7 27.5 0.5 3.5 0.8 0.5 0.6 1.7 c20 Chemicals 53.8 25.7 19.2 2.0 23.9 4.7 18.8 3.2 7.1 2.4 6.0 c21 Pharmaceuticals 69.2 19.4 9.6 2.3 36.3 5.7 11.4 2.4 3.0 0.6 5.4 c22 Rubber & plastics 50.8 29.6 19.7 1.8 13.9 2.3 18.1 2.2 6.2 1.6 8.2 c23 Non‑metalic mineral products 55.1 25.2 18.6 2.3 16.8 2.5 14.9 1.5 4.1 1.7 7.6 c24 Basic metals 47.2 25.3 26.3 2.0 12.6 1.4 19.1 2.2 9.5 4.5 3.0 c25 Metal products 49.6 27.7 21.0 2.8 13.2 2.2 18.2 2.1 6.2 2.5 7.3 Chapter IV — International competitiveness of EU industry c26 Computers, electronic & optical 54.4 23.9 19.8 2.7 18.8 3.6 18.5 1.5 7.6 3.0 6.4 c27 Electrical equipment 46.1 25.6 26.2 3.1 13.2 1.8 23.5 2.2 11.4 2.6 7.2 c28 Machinery n.e.c. 43.7 25.7 28.4 2.9 14.3 2.1 26.0 2.8 12.8 3.6 6.8 c29 Motor vehicles 50.2 28.4 20.0 1.9 21.0 4.4 20.2 2.6 10.5 0.8 6.3 c30 Other transport eq. 62.4 18.9 16.9 2.0 27.9 1.4 17.4 2.0 8.5 3.0 3.9 c31 Furniture 64.5 22.1 12.9 1.5 15.2 2.4 16.1 0.5 3.0 0.7 11.9 c32 Other manufacturing 70.3 15.7 13.0 1.5 24.5 5.7 10.8 1.2 3.4 2.2 3.9 Note: Intra‑EU regional trade is excluded. The shares do not add up to 100 since the US, Japan and the BRIC countries are included in the aggregates by income. Source: own calculations using Comtrade database. 101
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EU industrial structure 2011 Trends
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ENTERPRISE & INDUSTRY MAGAZINE The
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EU industrial structure 2011 — Tr
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Chapter I The aftermath of the cris
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i12 services recession and recovery
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Chapter I — The aftermath of the
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nacE rev 2 growth 2009 Chapter I
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The business survey indicator used
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Chapter II Changes in EU Industrial
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developments. This is confirmed by
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TAbLE II.2: Sectoral specialisation
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For countries as a whole, it should
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Chapter II — Changes in EU Indust
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