Measurements of Particles Rebound Characteristics on Materials ...

Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus
Fakultät Maschinenbau, Elektrotechnik und Wirtschaftsingenieurwesen
Lehrstuhl Verbrennungskraftmaschinen und Flugantriebe des Instituts Verkehrstechnik
<strong>Measurements</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Particles</strong> <strong>Rebound</strong> <strong>Characteristics</strong> on Materials
Used in Gas Turbines
Diplomarbeit von
cand. Ing. Stefan Kimmig
München, im Oktober 2007
Erarbeitet bei: MTU Aero Engines GmbH
Dachauerstraße 665
80976 München
Vorgelegt am: Lehrstuhl Verbrennungskraftmaschinen und Flugantriebe
der BTU Cottbus
Univ.-Pr<strong>of</strong>. Dr.-Ing. H.P. Berg
Betreuer: Joseph Eichner, Leiter TEWP MTU München
Dipl.-Ing. Laurent de Vito, TEAA MTU München
Dipl.-Ing. Michael Prinzler, BTU Cottbus

Eidesstattliche Erklärung
Eidesstattliche Erklärung
Ich versichere, die vorliegende Diplomarbeit allein angefertigt und außer den angegebenen
keine weiteren Hilfsmittel verwendet zu haben.
München, den 30.10.2007
Stefan Kimmig
I

Inhaltsverzeichnis
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Eidesstattliche Erklärung ............................................................................................. I
Inhaltsverzeichnis ....................................................................................................... II
Formelzeichen ........................................................................................................... III
Einleitung.................................................................................................................... 1
1 Grundlagen.......................................................................................................... 2
1.1 Erosion im Triebwerk ............................................................................................. 2
1.2 Erosionsrate........................................................................................................... 6
1.3 restitution ratios / Abprallkoeffizienten.................................................................... 7
1.4 Erosionsmodell nach Tabak<strong>of</strong>f ............................................................................... 9
1.5 Erosionsmodell nach Tilly .....................................................................................13
1.6 Fraktionsanalyse...................................................................................................16
2 Aufbau des Erosionsprüfstandes....................................................................... 20
2.1 Partikelförderung und Kalibrierung........................................................................20
2.2 Partikelgeschwindigkeit und Konzentration ...........................................................25
2.3 Erosion in der Beschleunigungsstrecke ................................................................28
2.4 Einfluss auf die Kalibrierung mit Al........................................................................30
2.5 Erosionsrate und Probenparameter ......................................................................33
3 Funktionsprinzip des Laser Doppler Anemometers........................................... 34
3.1 Physikalisches Prinzip...........................................................................................34
3.2 Anwendung...........................................................................................................39
3.3 Fehlerquellen ........................................................................................................40
4 Erste Messkampagne: Geschwindigkeitskalibrierung alter Versuchsaufbau..... 41
4.1 Versuchsbeschreibung..........................................................................................41
4.2 Erosionssandvergleich..........................................................................................43
4.3 Ergebnisse............................................................................................................45
4.4 Auswertung...........................................................................................................48
5 Alternative Geschwindigkeitsmessungen .......................................................... 52
5.1 High Speed Kamera..............................................................................................52
5.2 Particle Image Velocimetry....................................................................................55
5.3 „rotating double disk method“................................................................................57
5.4 Laser-2-Fokus Verfahren ......................................................................................59
5.5 opto-elektronisches Verfahren ..............................................................................60
5.6 Vergleich verschiedener Geschwindigkeitsmessverfahren....................................61
6 Zweite Messkampagne: Kalibrierung und <strong>Rebound</strong> Charakteristik ................... 62
6.1 Prüfstand nach dem Umbau..................................................................................62
6.2 Randbedingungen.................................................................................................64
6.3 Versuchsdurchführung ..........................................................................................68
6.4 Ergebnisse der Geschwindigkeitskalibrierung .......................................................71
6.5 Aufgenommene Druck und Temperaturverteilungen .............................................75
6.6 Ergebnisse der restitution ratios............................................................................76
6.7 Fehlerquellen ........................................................................................................91
6.8 Erosionsversuche .................................................................................................95
6.9 Rauhigkeitsmessungen.......................................................................................104
6.10 Fraktionsanalyse.................................................................................................105
6.11 Zusammenfassung .............................................................................................107
7 Literatur ........................................................................................................... 109
8 Anhang............................................................................................................ 112
II

7 Literatur
Werk und Verfasser
Literatur
[1] <strong>Measurements</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Particles</strong> <strong>Rebound</strong> <strong>Characteristics</strong> on Materials Used in Gas Turbines
W. Tabak<strong>of</strong>f
University <strong>of</strong> Cincinnati, Ohio
J. Propulsion; Vol. 7, No. 5, Sept.-Okt 1991
[2] Erosion rate testing at high temperature for turbomachinery use
W. Tabak<strong>of</strong>f, V. Shanov
University <strong>of</strong> Cincinnati, Ohio
Surface and Coatings Technology 76-77 (1995) 75-80
[3] Influence <strong>of</strong> nozzle roughness on conditions in a gas-blast erosion rig
P.H. Shipway and I.M. Hutchings
University <strong>of</strong> Cambridge
Wear; 162-164, 1993; S. 148-158
[4] Turbomachinery Alloys Affected by Solid <strong>Particles</strong>
W. Tabak<strong>of</strong>f
International Journal <strong>of</strong> Turbo and Jet Engines, 7, 207-215 (1990)
© Freund Publishing House Ltd., London
[5] High Temperature Erosion Resistance <strong>of</strong> Coatings for Gas Turbine
W. Tabak<strong>of</strong>f, A. Hamed, M. Metwally and M. Pasin
University <strong>of</strong> Cincinnati, Ohio
The American Society Of Mechanical Engineers (ASME); 91-GT-213
[6] Turbomachinery Affected by Environmental Solid <strong>Particles</strong>
T. Wakeman, W. Tabak<strong>of</strong>f
University <strong>of</strong> Cincinnati, Ohio
17 th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, New Orleans, LA./January 15-16, 1979
[7] Basic Erosion Investigation in Small Turbomachinery
W. Tabak<strong>of</strong>f, T. Wakeman
Report No. 81-52, Department <strong>of</strong> Aerospace Engineering, Uni. Of Cincinnati 1981
[8] Die Sicherheit von Turbo-Flugtriebwerken
Axel Rossmann
Turbo Consult (2000), 1. Auflage, Band 1
[9] Erosion by a Stream <strong>of</strong> Solid <strong>Particles</strong>
J.H. Neilson, A. Gilchrist
Wear, Vol. 11, 1968, S. 111-122
[10] Erosion Prediction in Turbomachinery Resulting from Environmental Solid <strong>Particles</strong>
G. Grant, W. Tabak<strong>of</strong>f
J. Aircraft, Vol. 12, No. 5, May 1975
[11] An Experimental Investigation <strong>of</strong> the Erosive <strong>Characteristics</strong> <strong>of</strong> 410 Stainless Steel and 6Al-4V
Titanium
R. Ball, W. Tabak<strong>of</strong>f
Report No. 73-40, Department <strong>of</strong> Aerospace Engineering, Uni. Of Cincinnati (1973)
[12] Effect <strong>of</strong> Target Material on the Particle Restitution ration <strong>Characteristics</strong> for turbomachinery
Application
W. Tabak<strong>of</strong>f and A. Hamed
Propulsion and Power, vol. 12, no. 2, March-April 1996
109

[13] A Two Stage Mechanism <strong>of</strong> Ductile Erosion
G. P. Tilly
Wear 23, 1973, 87-96
Literatur
[14] Lasermethoden in der Strömungsmesstechnik
B. Ruck
AT-Fachverlag GmbH Stuttgart, 1990
[15] Scaling laws for particle velocity in the gas-blast erosion test
A.N.J. Stevenson, I.M. Hutchings
Wear, 181-183, 1995, 56-62
[16] Standard Test Method for Conducting Erosion Tests by Particle Impingement Using Gas Jets
ASTM International
Designation: G75-05
[17] Mechanisms <strong>of</strong> Metal Removal by Impacting Dust <strong>Particles</strong>
C.E. Smeltzer, M.E. Gulden, W.A. Compton,
Paper No. 69-WAMet-8
[18] Erosion by Solid <strong>Particles</strong> in a Fluid Stream
Finnie
ASTM Special Technical Publication No. 307 (1962)
[19] Measurement <strong>of</strong> solid particle velocity in erosive wear
A.W. Ruff, L.K. Ives
Metallurgy Division, National Bureau <strong>of</strong> Standards, Washington, D.C:
Wear, 35 (1975) 195-199
[20] Mechanisms <strong>of</strong> Erosion <strong>of</strong> a Ductile Material by Solid <strong>Particles</strong>
J. Maji, G.L. Sheldon
ASTM STP 664, A.F. Adler, Ed., American Society for Testing and Materials (1979) 136-147
[21] On the size effect in abrasive and erosive wear
A. Misra, I. Finnie
Wear, 65 (1981) 359-373
[22] High temperature coatings for protection against turbine deterioration
W. Tabak<strong>of</strong>f, M. Metwally and A. Hamed
University <strong>of</strong> Cincinnati, Ohio; ASME 93-GT200
[23] The influence <strong>of</strong> nozzle length on the divergence <strong>of</strong> the erodent particle stream in a gas-blast
erosion rig
A.N.J. Stevenson, I.M. Hutchings
Wear 189 (1995) 66-69
[24] U.S. Army Rotorcraft turboshaft Engines Sand & Dust Erosion Considerations
V.R. Edwards, P.L. Rouse,
AGARD-CP-558
[25] Study <strong>of</strong> Erosion by Solid <strong>Particles</strong>
J.E. Goodwin, W. Sage, G.P. Tilly
PROC INST OF MECH ENGNRS, 1969
[26] Erosion Caused by Airborne <strong>Particles</strong>
G.P. Tilly
Wear, 14 (1969) 63-79
[27] MDS-Prad
[28] www.dantecdynamics.com
110

Literatur
[29] Laser- Doppler- Anemometrie Grundlagen und Auslegung
Pr<strong>of</strong>. Dr.- Ing. C. Tropea
SLA, TU Darmstadt
[30] Numerische Erosionsuntersuchung am Verdichter eines Triebwerks
Praktikumsbericht bei MTU Aero Engines angefertigt
[31] www.die-drahtweber.de
[32] Solid Particle Erosion Studies in the Cavendish Laboratory
D.R. Andrews, S.M. Walley, J.E. Field
Proc. 6 th Int. Conf. On Erosion by Liquid and Solid Impact
[33] A unique Test Facility to measure Particle Restitution and Fragmentation
S.C. Tan; P.K. Harris; R.L. Elder
Cranfield University; Bedford; UK; ASME 94-GT-350
[34] www.azom.com
[35] www.matweb.com
[36] Measurement <strong>of</strong> particles velocities in erosion processes
V. Ponnaganti, D.E. Stock, G.L. Sheldon
Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
[37] Modelling <strong>of</strong> Particle-Wall Collisions in confined Gas-Particle Flows
Sommerfeld
Int. J. Multiphase Flow, Vol. 18, W.6, 905-926, 1992
111