Country Reports on Terrorism 2012

following the March 2012 coup d’état to capture northern towns and cities and effectively gain
control over northern Mali. The key cities in the north – Timbuktu, Gao, and Kidal – were
overrun and occupied by violent extremists, who consolidated their gains in northern Mali north
of the Niger River, and attempted to implement sharia law, recruit fighters, and establish a
governing structure. The international community mobilized and called for: restoration of a
civilian government through inclusive and credible democratic elections, negotiations with the
rebels but not the terrorists, responding to the profound humanitarian crisis, and countering
terrorism.
State Department assistance to the government of Mali for activities that strengthen biological
security and reduce the risk of biological weapons acquisition by terrorists or proliferant states
was terminated, as required by law, after the March 2012 military coup d’état.
SOUTHEAST ASIA
The Sulu/Sulawesi Seas Littoral. The numerous islands in the Sulawesi Sea and the Sulu
Archipelago make it a difficult region for authorities to monitor. A range of licit and illicit
activities that occur there – including worker migration, tourism, and trade – pose additional
challenges to identifying and countering the terrorist threat. Indonesia, Malaysia, and the
Philippines have improved efforts to control their shared maritime boundaries, including through
the U.S.-funded Coast Watch South radar network, which is intended to enhance domain
awareness in the waters south and southwest of Mindanao. Nevertheless, the expanse remained
difficult to control. Surveillance improved but remained partial at best, and traditional smuggling
and piracy groups have provided an effective cover for terrorist activities, including movement
of personnel, equipment, and funds. The United States has sponsored the Trilateral Interagency
Maritime Law Enforcement Working Group since 2008 and this has resulted in better
coordination among Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines on issues of interdiction and
maritime security.
Asia is vulnerable to exploitation by illicit traffickers and proliferators given the high volume of
global trade that ships through the region as well as the existence of smuggling and proliferation
networks. Weak strategic trade control legal and regulatory frameworks, and inadequate
maritime law enforcement and security capabilities make Southeast Asia an area of concern for
weapons of mass destruction proliferation.
The Southern Philippines. The geographical composition of the Philippines, spread out over
7,100 islands, made it difficult for the central government to maintain a presence in all areas.
Counterterrorism operations over the past 10 years, however, have been successful at isolating
and constraining the activities of domestic and transnational terrorists. Philippine cooperation
with U.S. counterterrorism efforts remained strong. Abu Sayyaf Group members, numbering a
few hundred, were present in remote areas in Mindanao, especially the islands of the Sulu
Archipelago. Jemaah Islamiya members, of whom there were only a small number remaining,
were in a few isolated pockets of Mindanao. The Communist People’s Party/New People’s Army
maintained a national presence with a focus in rural and mountainous areas. Continued pressure
from Philippine security forces made it difficult, however, for terrorists to organize, plan, raise
funds, communicate, recruit, train, and operate.
THE MIDDLE EAST
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