E. Coli
E. Coli E. Coli
Review of Literature Some of this is due to overuse of antibiotics in human, but some of it is probably due to the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in food animals resistance to beta-lactam antibiotic has become more serious in recent decades as strains producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases render many, if not all, of the penicillins and cephalosporins ineffective as therapy. Susceptibility testing should guide treatment in all infections. In which organism can be isolated for culture. Pearson (2007) recorded the presence of coliform bacteria in surface water is commonly used as model organism for bacteria in general. This is usually done using the MPN (most probable number) tests, this is usually probabilistic test which assumes bacteria meeting certain growth and biochemical criteria as E. coli and quantities it by various methods. Presence of E.coli numbers beyond certain cut-off indicates fecal contamination of water and indicates further investigation into the matter. E.coli is used for detection because there are a lot more conifers in human feces than there are pathogens (Salmonella typhi an example of such pathogen, causing typhoid fever) and E. coli is usually harmless, so it can’t get loose in the lab and hurt any one. However, sometimes it can be misleading to use E. coli alone as an indicator of human fecal contamination because there are other environments in which E. coli grows well, such as paper mills. 2.3.2. Salmonella Martin et al. (2003) resistance of Salmonella and E. coli to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs) is being reported with increasing frequency. Ceftiofur, a veterinary ESC, may be used more often for the treatment of bacterial infections in animals. S. newport 26
Review of Literature isolates from humans and animals are increasingly resistant to the ESCs. In humans, infections with ESC resistant Salmonella threaten the efficacy of ceftriaxone, the drug of choice for treating salmonellosis in children. They examined Salmonella isolates for susceptibility to 23 antimicrobials. Isolates resistant to ampicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid that were additionally resistant to 3rd generation cephalosporins and/or a cephamycin were further characterized by several methods. We assessed plasmid profiles and PFGE patterns, used PCR and sequencing to determine the presence of the cmy-2 and other drug resistance genes, determined the isoelectric point of the beta-lactamases produced, and carried out conjugation, transformation and hybridization studies. E. coli isolated during other projects were also examined. Their results revealed that examination of all (119) S. newport isolates among 36,841 Salmonella isolates from 1993-2002 showed that 0.1% of the 1993-98 strains but 0.4-0.6% of the 1999-02 strains were S. Newport. More than 50% of the strains from 1993-2002 were of bovine origin. None of the S. newport strains isolated before 2000 were multiply resistant to antimicrobials, whilst 32 of 33 bovine and 3 of 14 poultry S. newport strains isolated during the 2000-02 period were resistant to more than 5 antimicrobials including the ESCs. All resistant strains possessed the cmy-2 gene. We also found cmy-2 encoded resistance to the ESCs among other Salmonella serovars and E. coli isolates. They concluded that the resistance of Salmonella and E. coli isolated from animals, the animal environment, and foods of animal origin to ESCs is increasing. This will limit treatment options when humans become infected with such highly drug resistant strains. 27
- Page 1 and 2: A STUDY ON THE USE OF ANTIBIOTICS I
- Page 3 and 4: List of contents Page 1-Introductio
- Page 5 and 6: Tables Page Table(1)Biochemical rea
- Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgements First of all thank
- Page 9 and 10: 2 Introduction certain serogroups,
- Page 11 and 12: Sodium chloride 5.0 g/l Agar pH 7.3
- Page 13 and 14: Sodium citrate, tribasic 2.0 g/l So
- Page 15 and 16: 3.1.4.Solutions and indicators in b
- Page 17 and 18: Polyvalent 4: O6 , O27 , O78 , O148
- Page 19 and 20: serological identification accordin
- Page 21 and 22: 6- Urease test The test determine t
- Page 23 and 24: 3. The plate was swabbed in differe
- Page 25 and 26: 2.REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1. Inciden
- Page 27 and 28: Review of Literature suggested that
- Page 29 and 30: Review of Literature K5 (37.5%), 15
- Page 31 and 32: Review of Literature within Ireland
- Page 33 and 34: Review of Literature salmonella spe
- Page 35 and 36: Review of Literature Sasipreeyajan
- Page 37 and 38: Review of Literature Moreno et al.
- Page 39 and 40: Review of Literature Mohamad (1996)
- Page 41 and 42: Review of Literature pencillin (68.
- Page 43 and 44: Review of Literature El-Ghamdi et a
- Page 45 and 46: Review of Literature serious ever l
- Page 47: Review of Literature the time from
- Page 51 and 52: 4.Results A total of 295 chicken sa
- Page 53 and 54: Table (4): Incidence of chicken Ent
- Page 55 and 56: Abolila 11 10/11(90.9%) 10/10(100%)
- Page 57 and 58: fermentation (Lactose, Maltose, Man
- Page 59 and 60: isolates were salmonella, pseudomon
- Page 61 and 62: Fig.(3)Triple sugar iron agar(TSI),
- Page 63 and 64: Fig.(4).Citrate negative E.coli iso
- Page 65 and 66: Fig.(6)An isolate was sensitive to
- Page 67 and 68: Farm Mansoura1 Omda1 Asher3 Asher4
- Page 69 and 70: Gentamycin, Colistin, Erythromycin,
- Page 71 and 72: Trimethoprim), Colistin, Erythromyc
- Page 73 and 74: (Sulpamethox-azole/ Trimethoprim),
- Page 75 and 76: Table(10)Sensitivity pattern for is
- Page 77 and 78: R = Resistant S = Sensitive CTX30 =
- Page 79 and 80: Table(12 )Sensitivity Pattern of is
- Page 81 and 82: Doxycyclin, Erythromycin, were effe
- Page 83 and 84: Fig.(8) Sensitivity percentages of
- Page 85 and 86: Discussion Concerning bacteriologic
- Page 87 and 88: al., (1997) reported that 10% of E.
- Page 89 and 90: 1/2(50%) Salmonella broiler isolate
- Page 91 and 92: 12/14(85.71%) E.coli isolates from
- Page 93 and 94: streptomycin, meanwhile higher perc
- Page 95 and 96: Two out of eleven(18.18%) E.coli is
- Page 97 and 98: and Nguyen (1995) who reported mode
Review of Literature<br />
Some of this is due to overuse of antibiotics in human, but some of it is<br />
probably due to the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in food animals<br />
resistance to beta-lactam antibiotic has become more serious in recent<br />
decades as strains producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases render<br />
many, if not all, of the penicillins and cephalosporins ineffective as<br />
therapy. Susceptibility testing should guide treatment in all infections. In<br />
which organism can be isolated for culture.<br />
Pearson (2007) recorded the presence of coliform bacteria in<br />
surface water is commonly used as model organism for bacteria in<br />
general. This is usually done using the MPN (most probable number)<br />
tests, this is usually probabilistic test which assumes bacteria meeting<br />
certain growth and biochemical criteria as E. coli and quantities it by<br />
various methods. Presence of E.coli numbers beyond certain cut-off<br />
indicates fecal contamination of water and indicates further<br />
investigation into the matter. E.coli is used for detection because there<br />
are a lot more conifers in human feces than there are pathogens<br />
(Salmonella typhi an example of such pathogen, causing typhoid<br />
fever) and E. coli is usually harmless, so it can’t get loose in the lab<br />
and hurt any one. However, sometimes it can be misleading to use E.<br />
coli alone as an indicator of human fecal contamination because there<br />
are other environments in which E. coli grows well, such as paper<br />
mills.<br />
2.3.2. Salmonella<br />
Martin et al. (2003) resistance of Salmonella and E. coli to<br />
extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs) is being reported with<br />
increasing frequency. Ceftiofur, a veterinary ESC, may be used more<br />
often for the treatment of bacterial infections in animals. S. newport<br />
26
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