4.2 SAT Type FMD Outbreaks in South Africa.
4.2 SAT Type FMD Outbreaks in South Africa.
4.2 SAT Type FMD Outbreaks in South Africa.
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Trans-boundary Animal<br />
Diseases Programme<br />
<strong>SAT</strong> TYPE <strong>FMD</strong> OUTBREAKS IN<br />
SOUTH AFRICA<br />
Dwarka RM<br />
Semenya D, Tshabalala T, Mtshali N, Esterhuysen J,<br />
Botha B, Kirkbride E, Jones H, Mkhwanazi R, Shileyi B,<br />
Mkhantshwa C, Mutowembwa P.
Range of tests for <strong>FMD</strong><br />
(OIE/FAO Reference laboratory status)<br />
• Liquid phase block<strong>in</strong>g ELISA<br />
• Solid phase competition ELISA<br />
• Virus neutralisation<br />
• Virus isolation<br />
• Non-structural prote<strong>in</strong> ELISA<br />
• Typ<strong>in</strong>g (antigen) ELISA<br />
• Molecular diagnostics: PCR, sequenc<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
phylogenetic analysis of outbreak stra<strong>in</strong>s<br />
• Dis<strong>in</strong>fectant test<strong>in</strong>g
Route of possible outbreak<br />
Cl<strong>in</strong>ical samples<br />
Virus isolation<br />
REPORT<br />
samples<br />
Diagnostic PCR<br />
Ground Cl<strong>in</strong>ical samples<br />
PCR<br />
Epidemiological PCR<br />
Seq and<br />
Phylogenetics
<strong>FMD</strong> CONTROL ZONES
BOTSWANA<br />
GABORONE<br />
PRETORIA<br />
JOHANNESBURG<br />
PIETERSBURG<br />
SOUTH AFRICA<br />
LESOTHO<br />
ZIMBABWE<br />
MASISI AREA<br />
BEIT BRIDGE<br />
PIETERMARITZBURG<br />
KRUGER<br />
NATIONAL<br />
PARK<br />
BUSHBUCKRIDGE<br />
MIDDELBURG<br />
NKOMAZI<br />
MBABANE MAPUTO<br />
SWAZILAND<br />
CAMPERDOWN<br />
DURBAN<br />
MOZAMBIQUE<br />
92<br />
0.02<br />
99<br />
95<br />
100<br />
90<br />
99<br />
100<br />
<strong>SAT</strong> 3: Sept 2006: Sibasa<br />
This outbreak occurred well with<strong>in</strong> the OIE<br />
recognised buffer zone of the <strong>FMD</strong> control zone<br />
of SA adjacent to the KNP. The status of <strong>South</strong><br />
<strong>Africa</strong>'s "<strong>FMD</strong> free zone without<br />
vacc<strong>in</strong>ation" has not been affected by this<br />
outbreak, and therefore <strong>South</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>'s <strong>FMD</strong><br />
status has not changed and the export of animals<br />
and animal products from <strong>South</strong> <strong>Africa</strong> is not<br />
affected (OIE report).<br />
92<br />
80<br />
99<br />
100<br />
KNP/4/02/Elandskuil<br />
KNP/5/02/Hlamalala<br />
SAR/01/02/Phalaborwa-gate<br />
KNP/10/90/Reenvoeldam<br />
KNP/1/03/Lower-Sabie<br />
KNP/2/03/Letaba<br />
SAR/14/01/Mess<strong>in</strong>a<br />
ZIM/Gn39/91<br />
ZIM/3/94<br />
KNP/8/02/Masakosapan<br />
KNP/08/03/Langtoondam<br />
KNP/9/96<br />
KNP/2/97<br />
KNP/1/02/Nwarihlangari<br />
100<br />
SAR/2/06/Sibasa/Matiane Diptank<br />
SAR/4/06/Sibasa/Joseph Diptank<br />
SAR/1/06/Sibasa/Matiane Diptank<br />
SAR/3/06/Sibasa/Matiane Diptank<br />
KNP/6/88<br />
ZIM/Hv5/90<br />
KNP/33/94<br />
KNP/44/94<br />
KNP/15/96<br />
NAM/274/98<br />
ZIM/32/90<br />
100<br />
ZIM/5/91<br />
ZIM/05/91<br />
ZAM/5/93<br />
ZAM/4/96
84<br />
79<br />
June 2008: <strong>SAT</strong> 3 Impala: Pafuri<br />
91<br />
95<br />
65<br />
82<br />
98<br />
79<br />
99<br />
80<br />
99<br />
91<br />
99<br />
74<br />
99<br />
99<br />
99<br />
99<br />
71<br />
KNP/5/02/Hlamalala<br />
KNP/4/06/Crooks Corner<br />
99<br />
SAR/01/02/Phalaborwa-gate<br />
KNP/25/94/Lower-Sabie<br />
KNP/1/03/Lower-Sabie<br />
KNP/21/08/Lower Sabie<br />
KNP/16/08/Lower Sabie<br />
KNP/19/08/Lower Sabie<br />
KNP/2/03/Letaba<br />
10/1337/NDUMO BUFFALO<br />
KNP/3/08/Lower Sabie<br />
KNP/4/10/Lalapalm W<strong>in</strong>dmill<br />
KNP/5/08/Lower Sabie<br />
ZIM/Gn9/91<br />
ZIM/Ck4/91<br />
ZIM/3/94<br />
SAR/14/01/Mess<strong>in</strong>a<br />
KNP/6/88<br />
KNP/8/02/Masakosapan<br />
KNP/1/08/Impala<br />
KNP/26/07/Boyela<br />
KNP/2/07/Dzombo<br />
ZIM/3/10/Sengwe Corridor<br />
KNP/1/02/Nwarihlangari<br />
SAR/1/06/Sibasa/Matiane Diptank<br />
KNP/08/03/Langtoondam<br />
KNP/11/96<br />
KNP/2/97<br />
KNP/3/94<br />
KNP/44/94<br />
ZIM/2/10/Sengwe Corridor<br />
KNP/6/08/Lower Sabie<br />
ZIM/Hv5/90<br />
99 ZIM/5/91<br />
ZIM/05/91<br />
ZIM/24/91<br />
ZAM/7/93<br />
ZAM/4/96<br />
99 ZAM/11/96<br />
<strong>SAT</strong> 3 isolate clustered as<br />
part of the southern topotype<br />
of viruses, but differed by<br />
16% from the <strong>SAT</strong> 3<br />
outbreak stra<strong>in</strong> characterised<br />
from the Sibasa area <strong>in</strong> 2006
65<br />
80<br />
62<br />
79<br />
61<br />
53<br />
77<br />
Jan 2011:<strong>SAT</strong> 2: Impala<br />
MOZ/1/10/Gaza Prov<strong>in</strong>ce<br />
67<br />
86<br />
99<br />
100<br />
83<br />
97<br />
57<br />
85<br />
85<br />
87<br />
98<br />
98<br />
99<br />
99<br />
100<br />
KNP/1/10/Crooks Corner<br />
KNP/9/03/Ribye-Waterhole<br />
KNP/1/06/2/Masakosa<br />
KNP/9/08/Lower Sabie<br />
KNP/2/10/Bany<strong>in</strong>i Pan<br />
KNP/3/10/Bany<strong>in</strong>i Pan<br />
KNP/25/07/Boyela<br />
KNP/160/91<br />
KNP/5/06/2/Nwambi block<br />
KNP/4/07/Dzombo<br />
KNP/16/93/Capricorn<br />
KNP/183/91/Krokodilbrugarea<br />
KNP/05/03/Lower-Sabie<br />
KNP/6/96<br />
KNP/1678/98/Bume<br />
KNP/06/03/Shangoni<br />
KNP/11/07/Bububu<br />
KNP/16/07/Sh<strong>in</strong>gumeni<br />
KNP/15/07/Sh<strong>in</strong>gumeni<br />
KNP/18/07/Sh<strong>in</strong>gumeni<br />
KNP/20/07/Langtoon Dam<br />
SAR/2/04/Selwana-farm<br />
SAR/01/01/Mhala-district<br />
KNP/12/08/Lower Sabie<br />
KNP/07/88<br />
KNP/19/89<br />
KNP/18/95<br />
KNP/1/11/Impala<br />
SAR/1801/1/Spelenyane DT<br />
SAR/1801/2/Spelenyane DT<br />
100 SAR/1801/3/Spelenyane DT<br />
SAR/1801/4/Spelenyane DT<br />
KNP/04/03/Punda-Maria<br />
SAR/1/10/Limpopo Safaris/buffalo<br />
KNP/143/91<br />
KNP/32/92/Boyela<br />
KNP/5/91/Satara<br />
SAR/1/03/Masisi<br />
SAR/1/08/Maruleng/buffalo<br />
100<br />
58<br />
100<br />
94<br />
99<br />
99<br />
100<br />
100<br />
100<br />
47<br />
35<br />
26<br />
ZIM/6/03/Harare<br />
ZIM/7/03/Ch<strong>in</strong>hoyi<br />
ZIM/9/03/Harare<br />
BOT/31/98/Vumbura<br />
NAM/1/08/Namibia<br />
SWA/4/89<br />
ZIM/09/02/Bikita<br />
ZIM/10/02/Bikita<br />
ZIM/01/01/Bulawayo<br />
BOT/13/02<br />
BOT/4/06/2<br />
BOT/5/06/2<br />
<strong>SAT</strong> 2 stra<strong>in</strong> characterised<br />
from impala at<br />
Renosterkoppies, KNP<br />
differs by 6% from the <strong>SAT</strong> 2<br />
outbreak stra<strong>in</strong>
<strong>Outbreaks</strong> <strong>in</strong> MP Protection zone<br />
• <strong>SAT</strong> 1: 2009<br />
• <strong>SAT</strong> 2: 2011/2012<br />
(Dr Ben du Plessis)
<strong>FMD</strong>: Kwa-Zulu Natal<br />
<strong>FMD</strong><br />
outbreak
First serological positive sera<br />
(February 2011)
POS<br />
1.5<br />
1.4<br />
Red dots: positive LPBE<br />
Yellow: negative LPBE
PCR on probangs/cl<strong>in</strong>ical samples<br />
from Ndumo, Ezulw<strong>in</strong>i<br />
• 7/25 weak PCR positive<br />
• No virus cultured <strong>in</strong> PK cells<br />
Lesion material: Zidlele DT<br />
• No Positives on PCR<br />
• No virus isolated on PK cells<br />
Buffalo sampl<strong>in</strong>g (Ndumo Game<br />
Reserve)<br />
• Sera and probangs from buffalo
Buffalo:<br />
Serology: High <strong>SAT</strong> 3<br />
Ab titres<br />
NSP positive<br />
Initial Outbreak<br />
area
79<br />
88<br />
0<br />
.<br />
99<br />
93<br />
99 KNP/4/02/Elandskuil<br />
KNP/5/02/Hlamalala<br />
KNP/4/06/Crooks Corner<br />
SAR/01/02/Phalaborwa-gate<br />
KNP/25/94/Lower-Sabie<br />
KNP/10/90/Reenvoeldam<br />
KNP/2/03/Letaba<br />
99 10/1337/NDUMO BUFFALO<br />
KNP/1/03/Lower-Sabie<br />
KNP/8/02/Masakosapan<br />
89<br />
KNP/1/08/Impala<br />
ZIM/Gn9/91<br />
100 ZIM/Ck4/91<br />
ZIM/Ck10/91<br />
SAR/14/01/Mess<strong>in</strong>a<br />
90 ZIM/Gn39/91<br />
99 ZIM/3/94<br />
80<br />
ZIM/Hv5/90<br />
KNP/26/07/Boyela<br />
KNP/2/07/Dzombo<br />
KNP/08/03/Langtoondam<br />
98<br />
76<br />
94<br />
91<br />
83<br />
KNP/9/96<br />
KNP/11/96<br />
KNP/3/97<br />
KNP/2/97<br />
KNP/1/02/Nwarihlangari<br />
SAR/2/06/Sibasa/Matiane Diptank<br />
100 SAR/4/06/Sibasa/Joseph Diptank<br />
SAR/1/06/Sibasa/Matiane Diptank<br />
SAR/3/06/Sibasa/Matiane Diptank<br />
100<br />
KNP/33/94<br />
KNP/14/96<br />
KNP/15/96<br />
93<br />
100<br />
KNP/3/94<br />
KNP/44/94<br />
KNP/6/88<br />
ZIM/32/90<br />
NAM/10/1054/buffalo<br />
86<br />
ZIM/11/94<br />
71<br />
92<br />
BOT/9/98<br />
NAM/274/98<br />
100<br />
100 ZAM/5/93<br />
ZAM/7/93<br />
ZAM/4/96<br />
94<br />
99 ZAM/11/96<br />
ZIM/31/90<br />
ZIM/24/91<br />
100<br />
ZIM/16/91<br />
100<br />
100<br />
ZIM/5/91<br />
ZIM/05/91<br />
KZN: Ndumo<br />
Nature Reserve<br />
<strong>SAT</strong> 3: buffalo
Positive Serological results <strong>in</strong> feedlot <strong>in</strong> Gauteng
Virus isolation: KZN samples<br />
• VI was a challenge us<strong>in</strong>g PK cells<br />
• ZZR 2 goat cell l<strong>in</strong>es and the BHK<br />
cells (Kerst<strong>in</strong> and Juanita)<br />
• ZZR 2 BHK 2 cattle (caused<br />
lesions)<br />
• Sequenced lesion material
Pictures of lesions observed <strong>in</strong><br />
experimentally <strong>in</strong>fected cattle (KZN<br />
<strong>SAT</strong> 1 stra<strong>in</strong>)<br />
Courtesy of Dr Paidamwoyo Mutowembwa
79<br />
77<br />
86<br />
99<br />
99<br />
KNP/35/92/SHINGWEDZI<br />
KNP/36/92/SHINGWEDZI<br />
KNP/29/92/PAFURI<br />
KNP/10/07/Bububu<br />
KNP/29/07/Mpongolo<br />
KNP/9/07/Dzombiene<br />
KNP/3/07/Dzombo<br />
KNP/5/07/Dzombo<br />
KNP/8/07/Dzombiene<br />
KNP/8/95/MONDSWENI<br />
KNP/14/95/MONDSWENI<br />
KNP/7/03/Shangoni<br />
KNP/45/92/SHINGWEDZI<br />
57<br />
KNP/1584/98/Baranukee<br />
99 10/1364/Zidlele DT KZN epithelium<br />
97 10/1693/Feedlot GP lymph node<br />
92<br />
KNP/6/06/Makwadsi<br />
KNP/03/03/Pafuri<br />
99 KNP/886/98/SHIPANDI-WINDMILL<br />
60 KNP/893/98/SHIPANDI-WINDMILL<br />
KNP/10/03/Nshawu<br />
KNP/3/02/Elandskuil<br />
KNP/2/02/Elandskuil<br />
84<br />
KNP/2/06/Maseya Sandveld<br />
99 KNP/3/06/Maseya Sandveld<br />
GN13/91<br />
51 KNP/01/01/Shipandi-W<strong>in</strong>dmill<br />
SAR/9/81<br />
99<br />
MOZ/03/77<br />
KNP/24/91/NTSHAWA<br />
KNP/1/05<br />
SAR/1/09/Makoko DT<br />
96 99 SAR/5/09/Phameni DT<br />
KNP/5/05<br />
58 KNP/196/91<br />
99 KNP/148/91<br />
HV3/90<br />
99 ZIM/05/99<br />
KNP/11/03/Masor<strong>in</strong>i<br />
57 KNP/21/07/Langtoon Dam<br />
79 SAR/08/02/Mauricedale<br />
KNP/17/96<br />
SWL/01/00<br />
99 SAR/32/00<br />
99 KNP/397/98/RIETPAN<br />
KNP/400/98/RIETPAN<br />
KNP20/89/KWA-MFAMEBTO<br />
SAR/1/00/Buffalo/Phalaborwa<br />
99 SAR/7/03/buffalo<br />
99 SAR/6/03/buffalo<br />
10/939/Welverdien buffalo probang<br />
10/507/Phalaborwa buffalo<br />
91<br />
10/501/Gravelotte Cattle epithelium<br />
99 10/587/Gravelotte cattle epithelium<br />
10/547/Gravelotte Cattle probang<br />
99 BOT/2/98<br />
BOT/8/98<br />
SWA/2/89<br />
70 BOT/1/06/1<br />
NAM/307/98<br />
52 99 NAM/306/98<br />
99 NAM/308/98<br />
99<br />
BOT/37/98<br />
ZIM/02/03/Chiredzi<br />
ZIM/3/88<br />
99 ZAM/1/05<br />
ZAM/06/1<br />
99 ZAM/29/96<br />
ZAM/2/93<br />
94<br />
TAN/01/99<br />
MAL/1/85<br />
99<br />
ZIM/03/95<br />
ZIM/14/98<br />
ZIM/9A/91<br />
75<br />
ZIM/08/03/Bulawayo<br />
ZIM/11/03<br />
99 MOZ/03/02<br />
MOZ/01/02<br />
0.02<br />
MOZ/02/02<br />
<strong>South</strong>ern<br />
Topotype<br />
Western<br />
Topotype<br />
Northern<br />
Topotype<br />
KZN: <strong>SAT</strong> 1
Surveillance:<br />
Jan 2012<br />
• 800 sera randomly<br />
selected<br />
• 50 diptanks: 16 sera<br />
per diptank
Acknowledgement<br />
• Dr Grietjie De Klerk (DAFF) for maps
Thank You
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