The Ethnicity of the Sea Peoples - RePub - Erasmus Universiteit ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

as follows: 370 1. M(arce) Vnata “Marcus Unata Zutas 2. Zvtas tvl(ar) (dedicated) the boundaries (of 3. Dardanivm the territory) of the Dardanians 4. Tins to Dionysos, 5. F 1000 (paces).” In this text, then, the Etruscan settlers in question call themselves Dardanians (Dardanivm, characterized by the Latin genitive plural -om in Etruscan disguise), 371 after Dardanos, the mythical ancestor of Aeneas. 372 Now, in form of Drdny the latter ethnonym is first recorded as an indication of the allies of the Hittites from the Troad in the Egyptian memorial of the battle at Kadesh (1274 BC). 373 Furthermore, Dardanians is synonymous with Trojans in Homeros’ Iliad, 374 and more in specific used here for the followers of Aeneas. 375 The ultimate homeland of their mythical ancestor Dardanos is reported by the literary sources to be situated in Arkadia in the Greek Peloponnesos – which coincides with our assumption that the inhabitants of the Troad were kinsmen of the Thraco-Phrygian or Pelasgian population groups of Middle Helladic Greece. 376 Whatever the extent of this latter deduction, there can be little doubt that Vergilius’ location of Dardanos’ ultimate homeland in Italy results from a secondary intervention to stage Aeneas’ peregrination as a return to his ancestral lands. 377 370 Rix 1991: Africa 8.1-8.8. 371 Colonna 1980: 3; cf. Leuhmann 1977: 428; note also the ad hoc device for the distinction of the un-Etruscan sound [d] from regular [t]. For the identification of Tins as Dionysos, see Woudhuizen 1998: 26, note 56, but note that a mixing-up between Tins (= Dionysos) and Tinia (= Zeus) – the latter being the protector of the territorium according to the corpus of gromatici veteres (see Camporeale 2003: 203) – in this late period is altogether possible; for the interpretation of the symbol F as 1000 passuum, see Heurgon 1969: 285 and cf. Bonfante & Bonfante 2002: 184-5. 372 Der Neue Pauly, s.v. Dardanidae. 373 See section 13 below. 374 Iliad III, 456; VII, 348. 375 Iliad II, 819 ff. 376 See section 13 below. 377 Aeneid III, 167-71; VII, 205-11. 94
12. PHILISTINES AND PELASGIANS One of the most significant groups among the Sea Peoples who attacked Egypt in the fifth and eighth year of Ramesses III (= 1179 and 1176 BC) is the Peleset. This ethnonym, which has no earlier occurrence in the Egyptian sources, has been identified with the Biblical Philistines by Jean-François Champollion soon after his decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphic – an identification which goes unchallenged up to the present day. 378 Now, the Philistines are generally considered newcomers in the Levant, settling in their pentapolis consisting of the towns Asdod, Askelon, Gaza, Ekron, and Gath at the time of the upheavals of the Sea Peoples. Thus the Bible informs us that they originated from Kaphtor, 379 which on the basis of its correspondence to Akkadian Kaptara and Egyptian Keftiu is plausibly identified as the island Crete; or they are even straightforwardly addressed here as Cretans. 380 Moreover, they are considered an alien race for the fact that, in contrast to the local Semites, they do not abide to the rite of circumcision. 381 Finally, the Philistines are reported by the Bible to have replaced the ancient Canaanite population of the Avvim in their original habitat. 382 This information from the literary sources can be backed up by evidence from archaeology. It occurs, namely, that the archaeological culture of Philistia shows signs of discontinuity in the transitional period from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age. Asdod, its harbor Tel Mor, and Askelon are characterized by destruction layers, 383 and Ekron by at least some local destruction at the time. 384 The level after the destruction at these sites (with the exception of Tel Mor) contains locally produced Mycenaean IIIC1b pottery – the hallmark of the settlement of Sea Peoples – , which subsequently develops without a break into the so-called Philistine ware. 385 Moreover, the 378 Champollion 1836: 180; cf. Gardiner 1947: 201. 379 Amos 9, 7; Jeremiah 47, 4. 380 Ezekiel 25, 16; Zephaniah 2, 5. 381 Gardiner 1947: 201; Machinist 2000: 63. 382 Deuteronomium 2, 23. 383 Dothan 1982: 36; 43; 35. 384 Bietak 1993: 300. 385 Bietak 1993: 297-8. 95 Egyptian influence which typifies the Canaanite material culture from before the break does not recur. As it appears, then, conquerors from the Aegean region (including Cyprus), where Mycenaean IIIC1b is “en vogue” at the time, have wasted existing Canaanite sites, driven out most of the original inhabitants and settled themselves instead. Considering this close correspondence between literary and archaeological data, the projection of the Philistines back in time to the period of the patriarchs probably constitutes an anachronism. 386 In the Papyrus Harris, Ramesses III claims to have settled the vanquished Sea Peoples, among which our Peleset or Philistines, in strongholds bound in his name. This has induced scholars like Albrecht Alt and William Foxwell Albright to assume that the settlement of the Philistines in Canaan took place under Egyptian supervision. 387 Rightly, Manfred Bietak pointed out that the absence of Egyptian influence in the material culture after the break indicates otherwise. Nevertheless, the continuity of Egyptian influence in the hinterland of the Philistine pentapolis might suggest to us that the Egyptian pharaoh maintained a nominal claim on the land conquered by the Philistines and considered them as vassals guarding his frontiers in like manner as the Frankish kings did with the Normans in the European Middle Ages (see Fig. 17)! 388 As duly stressed by Ed Noort, the break between the Canaanite Late Bronze Age and Philistine Early Iron Age in the region under discussion is not an absolute one: the continuity of Canaanite pottery in the Philistine sites indicates that to a certain extent the newcomers from the Aegean mixed with the local Avvim population. 389 To this comes that four of the five place names of the Philistine pentapolis, viz. Gaza, Askelon, Asdod, and Gath, are already recorded for Egyptian sources from the El-Amarna period. 390 386 Genesis 21, 22-34; cf. Machinist 2000: 54-5; contra Gordon 1956: 22 and others. 387 Alt 1944; Albright 1975: 509; cf. Singer 1985. 388 Bietak 1993; esp. 295, Fig. 4. 389 Noort 1994. 390 Pauly-Wissowa Realencyclopädie, s.v. Philister.
Page 1:
The Ethnicity of the Sea Peoples 1
Page 4 and 5:
Promotiecommissie Promotor: Prof.dr
Page 7:
CONTENTS Preface ..................
Page 10 and 11:
profited from the collaboration wit
Page 12 and 13:
Frontispiece. Rowers depicted on a
Page 15 and 16:
In a work which deals with the ethn
Page 17 and 18:
similar vein, to accuse Georges Dum
Page 19:
upon a pre-existing local populatio
Page 22 and 23:
certainty about the 8th century BC
Page 24 and 25:
with the Heraklids Kresphontes and
Page 26 and 27:
after the end of the Bronze Age. 43
Page 28 and 29:
Miletos may be due to an historical
Page 30 and 31:
It lies at hand to correlate the fa
Page 32 and 33:
more, he rearranged the western pro
Page 35 and 36:
4. AN HISTORIOGRAPHIC OUTLINE In th
Page 37 and 38:
The view of Maspero that the Sea Pe
Page 39 and 40:
ples as mere pirates goes Helck’s
Page 41 and 42:
site or manoeuvring in mountainous
Page 43 and 44: The contemporary sources with a bea
Page 45 and 46: Enkomi cylinder seal (Inv. no. 19.1
Page 47 and 48: Tablet 1687 from Enkomi Side A (15)
Page 49 and 50: RS 20.238 ù dú-nu-na-ta dan-níš
Page 51 and 52: Libyans (year 5) as well as success
Page 53 and 54: Fig. 5. Land battle scene of Medine
Page 55 and 56: he said to me: “To be sure, they
Page 57 and 58: 6. LUKKA AND THE LUKKA LANDS Since
Page 59 and 60: 7. ETHNOGENESIS OF THE GREEKS The d
Page 61 and 62: the archaeological record by the Ma
Page 63 and 64: adopting the then modern Indo-Aryan
Page 65 and 66: Evidently, the Hyksos were a highly
Page 67: linguistic features from an hypothe
Page 70 and 71: have been Crete, since in the text
Page 72 and 73: war 199 - a suggestion further emph
Page 74 and 75: give and take a few dialectal reshu
Page 77 and 78: In Homeros there are three indicati
Page 79 and 80: Models The problem of Etruscan orig
Page 81 and 82: 7th century BC, is, considering the
Page 83 and 84: (proto-)Villanovan is attested (cf.
Page 85 and 86: sumed that the Etruscans have borro
Page 87: grave of North Pontic steppe type,
Page 90 and 91: Trojans, nor will they change their
Page 92 and 93: “Venel Atelinas has given this to
Page 96 and 97: Fig. 17. Settlement of the Sea Peop
Page 98 and 99: salian Gyrtone. 406 On the basis of
Page 100 and 101: of their foundation of Kume, the Ai
Page 102 and 103: Asherah, Ugaritic y-, -m)!”. 453
Page 104 and 105: inhabitants of the Mesara plain at
Page 106 and 107: sociated from that of Mls, a predec
Page 108 and 109: found here. 513 It is interesting t
Page 110 and 111: Fig. 21. Distribution of Trojan gre
Page 112 and 113: The story continues with the Sherde
Page 114 and 115: On the basis of the combined eviden
Page 116 and 117: our identification of the Weshesh w
Page 118 and 119: (Histories I, 57) reports, adopted
Page 120 and 121: lesh are geographically based, bein
Page 123 and 124: APPENDIX I: ON THE DECIPHERMENT OF
Page 125 and 126: 36. 5 005 191 TIWATA, [ti] PF 2 (35
Page 127 and 128: Evans CHIC CL value attestation 64.
Page 129 and 130: identical to Egyptian bi’ty “ki
Page 131 and 132: # 258 # 271 # 296 # 309 1 2 3 1. 'y
Page 133: # 314 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. 'tá-PÁRA
Page 136 and 137: 52. “-ship” -®i- -c-, -- (pro)
Page 138 and 139: 59. 3rd pers. pl. pres./fut. -nt -n
Page 140 and 141: pattern is formed by the G pl. in -
Page 142 and 143: LUWIAN ROMAN INDIC GERMANIC F1 Tark
Page 144 and 145:
linguistic point of view, however,
Page 146 and 147:
meat) or as a sacred animal per se:
Page 148 and 149:
Behn, Friedrich, 1924, Hausurnen. B
Page 150 and 151:
tury B.C’. Orientalia 56. Pp. 1-3
Page 152 and 153:
Gardiner, Alan H., 1947, Ancient Eg
Page 154 and 155:
Ägäis und die Levante während de
Page 156 and 157:
terranean in the mid second millenn
Page 158 and 159:
occidentale. Studia Mediterranea 8.
Page 160 and 161:
Sommer, Ferdinand, 1932, Die A®®i
Page 162 and 163:
--- , 2004b, Woudhuizen, Fred C., S
Page 164 and 165:
hele andere etnische groep rekenen.
Page 167:
CURRICULUM VITAE VAN FREDERIK CHRIS
show all

The Ethnicity of the Sea Peoples - RePub - Erasmus Universiteit ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?