I was <strong>the</strong> valiant Montu [= war-god], standing fast at <strong>the</strong>ir head, so that <strong>the</strong>y might gaze upon <strong>the</strong> capturing <strong>of</strong> my two hands; King <strong>of</strong> Upper and Lower Egypt: Usermare-Meriamon; Son <strong>of</strong> Re: Ramses III. As for those who reached my frontier, <strong>the</strong>ir seed is not, <strong>the</strong>ir heart and soul are finished forever and ever. As for those who came forward toge<strong>the</strong>r on <strong>the</strong> sea, <strong>the</strong> full flame was in front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m at <strong>the</strong> Nile mouths, while a stockade <strong>of</strong> lances surrounded <strong>the</strong>m on <strong>the</strong> shore, (so that <strong>the</strong>y were) dragged (ashore), hemmed in, prostrated on <strong>the</strong> beach, slain, and made into heaps from tail to head. <strong>The</strong>ir ships and <strong>the</strong>ir goods were as if fallen into <strong>the</strong> water. I made <strong>the</strong> lands turn back from mentioning Egypt; for when <strong>the</strong>y pronounce my name in <strong>the</strong>ir land, <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong>y are burned up. Since I have sat upon <strong>the</strong> throne <strong>of</strong> Harakhte [= manifestation <strong>of</strong> Horus] and <strong>the</strong> Great Enchantress [= uraeus] was fixed upon my head like Re, I have not let <strong>the</strong> countries behold <strong>the</strong> frontiers <strong>of</strong> Egypt, to boast <strong>the</strong>re<strong>of</strong> to <strong>the</strong> Nine Bows [= Egypts traditional enemies]. I have taken away <strong>the</strong>ir land, <strong>the</strong>ir frontiers being added to mine. <strong>The</strong>ir chiefs and <strong>the</strong>ir tribespeople are mine with praise, for I am upon <strong>the</strong> ways <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> plans <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> All- Lord, my august, divine fa<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>the</strong> Lord <strong>of</strong> Gods.” 100 Text to <strong>the</strong> scene <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> land battle (Fig. 5) “His majesty sets out for Zahi like unto Montu, to crush every country that violates his frontier. His troops are like bulls ready on <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong> battle; his horses are like falcons in <strong>the</strong> midst <strong>of</strong> small birds before <strong>the</strong> Nine Bows, bearing victory. Amon, his august fa<strong>the</strong>r, is a shield for him; King <strong>of</strong> Upper and Lower Egypt, Ruler <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Nine Bows, Lord <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Two Lands (…).” 101 Text to <strong>the</strong> scene <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sea battle (Fig. 6) “Now <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn countries, which were in <strong>the</strong>ir isles, were quivering in <strong>the</strong>ir bodies. <strong>The</strong>y penetrated <strong>the</strong> channels <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Nile mouths. <strong>The</strong>ir nostrils have ceased (to function, so that) <strong>the</strong>ir desire is brea<strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong> breath. His majesty is gone forth like a whirlwind against <strong>the</strong>m, fighting on <strong>the</strong> battle field like a runner. <strong>The</strong> dread <strong>of</strong> him and <strong>the</strong> terror <strong>of</strong> him have entered in <strong>the</strong>ir bodies; (<strong>the</strong>y are) capsized and overwhelmed in <strong>the</strong>ir places. <strong>The</strong>ir hearts are taken away; <strong>the</strong>ir soul is flown away. <strong>The</strong>ir weapons are scattered in <strong>the</strong> sea. His arrow pierces him whom he has wished among <strong>the</strong>m, while <strong>the</strong> fugitive is become one fallen into <strong>the</strong> water. His majesty is like an enraged lion, attacking his assailant with his pawns; plundering on his right hand and powerful on his left hand, like Set[h] destroying <strong>the</strong> serpent ‘Evil <strong>of</strong> 100 Edgerton & Wilson 1936: 53-6; cf. Breasted 1927: Vol. IV, no. 64; Pritchard 1969: 262-3; Strobel 1976: 14; Drews 1993a: 51; Peden 1994: 29-31. 101 Edgerton & Wilson 1936: 38; cf. Pritchard 1969: 263. 52 Character’. It is Amon-Re who has overthrown for him <strong>the</strong> lands and has crushed for him every land under his feet; King <strong>of</strong> Upper and Lower Egypt, Lord <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Two Lands: Usermare-Meriamon.” 102 Depicted prisoners <strong>of</strong> war (Fig. 7): 1. chief <strong>of</strong> Hatti, 2. chief <strong>of</strong> Amor, 3. chieftain <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> foe <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tjeker, 4. Sherden <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sea, 5. chieftain <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> foe Sha[su], 6. Teresh <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sea, 7. chieftain <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pe(leset). 103 Südstele, year 12 (= 1172 BC). Mention <strong>of</strong> Tjeker, Peleset, Denyen, Weshesh and Shekelesh. 104 Stele from Deir el Medineh Pharaoh boasts <strong>of</strong> having defeated Peleset and Teresh who attacked Egypt. 105 Papyrus Harris “I extended all <strong>the</strong> boundaries <strong>of</strong> Egypt: I overthrew those who invaded <strong>the</strong>m from (or: in) <strong>the</strong>ir lands. I slew <strong>the</strong> Denyen in (= who are in) <strong>the</strong>ir isles, <strong>the</strong> Tjeker and <strong>the</strong> Peleset were made ashes. <strong>The</strong> Sherden and <strong>the</strong> Weshesh <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sea, <strong>the</strong>y were made as those that exist not, taken captive at one time, brought as captives to Egypt, like <strong>the</strong> sand <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> shore. I settled <strong>the</strong>m in strongholds, bound in my name. Numerous were <strong>the</strong>ir classes like hundred-thousands. I taxed <strong>the</strong>m all, in clothing and grain from <strong>the</strong> storehouses and granaries each year.” 106 <strong>The</strong> Wenamon story, as preserved on <strong>the</strong> Golenischeff papyrus, informs us about <strong>the</strong> period after <strong>the</strong> wars with <strong>the</strong> <strong>Sea</strong> <strong>Peoples</strong>, in which Egypt can no longer exert its power in its former dependencies along <strong>the</strong> coastal region <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Levant. 102 Edgerton & Wilson 1936: 41-2; cf. Pritchard 1963: 263. 103 Strobel 1976: 18; Sandars 1980: 106-7, afb. 68. 104 Kitchen 1983: no. 73, 9 f.; cf. Lehmann 1985: 23-4. 105 Lepsius 1900: Vol. III, 218c; Drews 1993a: 51. 106 Breasted 1927: Vol. IV, no. 403; Strobel 1976: 18.
Fig. 5. Land battle scene <strong>of</strong> Medinet Habu (from Oren 2000: 96, Fig. 5.5). Fig. 6. <strong>Sea</strong> battle scene <strong>of</strong> Medinet Habu (from Oren 2000: 98, Fig. 5.6). Fig. 7. Prisoners <strong>of</strong> war: (a) Hittite, (b) Amorite, (c) Tjeker, (d) Sherden, (e) Shasu, and (f) Teresh (from Nibbi 1975: Pl. I). 53
- Page 1: The Ethnicity of the Sea Peoples 1
- Page 4 and 5: Promotiecommissie Promotor: Prof.dr
- Page 7: CONTENTS Preface ..................
- Page 10 and 11: profited from the collaboration wit
- Page 12 and 13: Frontispiece. Rowers depicted on a
- Page 15 and 16: In a work which deals with the ethn
- Page 17 and 18: similar vein, to accuse Georges Dum
- Page 19: upon a pre-existing local populatio
- Page 22 and 23: certainty about the 8th century BC
- Page 24 and 25: with the Heraklids Kresphontes and
- Page 26 and 27: after the end of the Bronze Age. 43
- Page 28 and 29: Miletos may be due to an historical
- Page 30 and 31: It lies at hand to correlate the fa
- Page 32 and 33: more, he rearranged the western pro
- Page 35 and 36: 4. AN HISTORIOGRAPHIC OUTLINE In th
- Page 37 and 38: The view of Maspero that the Sea Pe
- Page 39 and 40: ples as mere pirates goes Helck’s
- Page 41 and 42: site or manoeuvring in mountainous
- Page 43 and 44: The contemporary sources with a bea
- Page 45 and 46: Enkomi cylinder seal (Inv. no. 19.1
- Page 47 and 48: Tablet 1687 from Enkomi Side A (15)
- Page 49 and 50: RS 20.238 ù dú-nu-na-ta dan-níš
- Page 51: Libyans (year 5) as well as success
- Page 55 and 56: he said to me: “To be sure, they
- Page 57 and 58: 6. LUKKA AND THE LUKKA LANDS Since
- Page 59 and 60: 7. ETHNOGENESIS OF THE GREEKS The d
- Page 61 and 62: the archaeological record by the Ma
- Page 63 and 64: adopting the then modern Indo-Aryan
- Page 65 and 66: Evidently, the Hyksos were a highly
- Page 67: linguistic features from an hypothe
- Page 70 and 71: have been Crete, since in the text
- Page 72 and 73: war 199 - a suggestion further emph
- Page 74 and 75: give and take a few dialectal reshu
- Page 77 and 78: In Homeros there are three indicati
- Page 79 and 80: Models The problem of Etruscan orig
- Page 81 and 82: 7th century BC, is, considering the
- Page 83 and 84: (proto-)Villanovan is attested (cf.
- Page 85 and 86: sumed that the Etruscans have borro
- Page 87: grave of North Pontic steppe type,
- Page 90 and 91: Trojans, nor will they change their
- Page 92 and 93: “Venel Atelinas has given this to
- Page 94 and 95: as follows: 370 1. M(arce) Vnata
- Page 96 and 97: Fig. 17. Settlement of the Sea Peop
- Page 98 and 99: salian Gyrtone. 406 On the basis of
- Page 100 and 101: of their foundation of Kume, the Ai
- Page 102 and 103:
Asherah, Ugaritic y-, -m)!”. 453
- Page 104 and 105:
inhabitants of the Mesara plain at
- Page 106 and 107:
sociated from that of Mls, a predec
- Page 108 and 109:
found here. 513 It is interesting t
- Page 110 and 111:
Fig. 21. Distribution of Trojan gre
- Page 112 and 113:
The story continues with the Sherde
- Page 114 and 115:
On the basis of the combined eviden
- Page 116 and 117:
our identification of the Weshesh w
- Page 118 and 119:
(Histories I, 57) reports, adopted
- Page 120 and 121:
lesh are geographically based, bein
- Page 123 and 124:
APPENDIX I: ON THE DECIPHERMENT OF
- Page 125 and 126:
36. 5 005 191 TIWATA, [ti] PF 2 (35
- Page 127 and 128:
Evans CHIC CL value attestation 64.
- Page 129 and 130:
identical to Egyptian bi’ty “ki
- Page 131 and 132:
# 258 # 271 # 296 # 309 1 2 3 1. 'y
- Page 133:
# 314 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. 'tá-PÁRA
- Page 136 and 137:
52. “-ship” -®i- -c-, -- (pro)
- Page 138 and 139:
59. 3rd pers. pl. pres./fut. -nt -n
- Page 140 and 141:
pattern is formed by the G pl. in -
- Page 142 and 143:
LUWIAN ROMAN INDIC GERMANIC F1 Tark
- Page 144 and 145:
linguistic point of view, however,
- Page 146 and 147:
meat) or as a sacred animal per se:
- Page 148 and 149:
Behn, Friedrich, 1924, Hausurnen. B
- Page 150 and 151:
tury B.C’. Orientalia 56. Pp. 1-3
- Page 152 and 153:
Gardiner, Alan H., 1947, Ancient Eg
- Page 154 and 155:
Ägäis und die Levante während de
- Page 156 and 157:
terranean in the mid second millenn
- Page 158 and 159:
occidentale. Studia Mediterranea 8.
- Page 160 and 161:
Sommer, Ferdinand, 1932, Die A®®i
- Page 162 and 163:
--- , 2004b, Woudhuizen, Fred C., S
- Page 164 and 165:
hele andere etnische groep rekenen.
- Page 167:
CURRICULUM VITAE VAN FREDERIK CHRIS