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(and) spun flax;” 3. re-mi/a-wa/mu 1-sa-se “On behalf of Remus he brings 4. wa-ne/e-we1/a-ti-mi-we 1 divine wine in veneration to 5. mu1-sa/wa-si-ri-ti 1 the goddess Artemis” 6. e-mu sa-ne-ma/ya-sa-ti “I, Sanemas, to Iasos, 7. re-mi/ta-a-sa/we[-tu]-ti on behalf of Remus, governor of 8. wa-sa-ka/i-si-mi-ri[-ti] this town, to Smyrna: 9. I SA.wa-sa-ka I (and) spun flax.” 10. e-pe[-se]/pi-mi-se/i2 “(On behalf of) the governor himself being given 11. ta-me-ki/pe-se-we1 PA this to the Pisidian trader: cloth” Tablet RS 20.25 from Ras Shamra/Ugarit Side A 1. a-ka-mi/pi-ni/ma-li “On behalf of Akamas, representative of Malos 2. a-ti pi-ni/a-pe-sa PI. and representative of Ephesos, he (= Wasas) gives 3. i-si1-pa-li. to Isiba‘al; 4. a-we1-ri/ma-ka-pi-ti 1 (at) the entrepôt of the frontier outpost 5. a-ta-ta-ne/pi-ni/ta-si-ri to Adadanu, representative of tasiri; 6. i-si-pa-ti/pi-ni/u-ri2-ka-si 1 to Sipat, representative of urikasi; 7. pi-ni/u-wa1-ri. to the representative of the frontier outpost.” 8. a wa1-sa PI/pi-ni/ka-pi-li “Wasas, representative of the municipal 9. wa1-ta-ri.i-li-si-ri/wa 1-si-ri-ti 1 cloth industry, gives in veneration to the Syrian god (?); 10. ta-pa-ri/pi-ni/i-li-ta-ma-ne to Tabaris, representative of ilitamane; 11. a-we-si-ri/pi-ni/me-ni-wa-ri to Awesiri, representative of meniwari.” 12. Side B la-mi-ya-ne-ti/ka-pa-ri-ti1 “At the Lamiyan trade centre: 13. we-sa -mu PI I, Wesas, give 14. i-li-ma-li-ki/pi-ni/la-mi-ya-ti to Ilimalik, representative of Lamiya; 15. a-ka-mi PI/pi-ni/ma-ki on behalf of Akamas I give to 16. u-we1-ta-sa-li/ Uwatasalis, representative of the customs collector; a-mu PI ma-sa-we-li I give to Masawalis 17. a-pe-mu -ma/ZITI-si/ma-ki and Apamuwas, officers (?) of the customs collector: 3 PA NE WA1 3 (units of) cloth, NE (and) wine; 18. ya-me-ri/pi-ni/ma-ki to Yameri, representative of the customs collector; 19. sa-si1-ma-li-ki/ME 2 NE/PA to Sasimalik: 2 (units of) ME, NE (and) cloth.” The fragmentarily preserved tablet 1687 from Enkomi, inscribed in the so-called Cypro-Minoan II script or Linear D, appears to contain correspondence dealing with a naval battle in the waters of southwest Asia Minor, 92 and hence may plausibly be assigned to the same period as the Uga ritic correspondence given below. The tablet is found in 92 Best & Woudhuizen 1988: 98-110; Best & Woudhuizen 1989: 64, note 39; Woudhuizen 1992a: 117. 46 the foundation course of a hearth outside its proper context in an Enkomi IIIA (= Late Cypriote IIIA) level, postdating the period of upheavals of the Sea Peoples. 93 93 Dikaios 1971: 885; Pl. 317.
Tablet 1687 from Enkomi Side A (15) a-ka-mu[/]e-le-ki/nu-ka-ru-ra/ “Akamas of Ilion, the great enemy, smote me.” tu-pa-ta -mu Note that the phonetic reading of lú KUR2.ME in Ugaritic is nakr “enemies”, the root of which occurs here in variant nukarcharacterized by a/u-vowel change in combination with a suffixed form of Luwian ura- “great”. Ugaritic The advent of the Sea Peoples in the eastern Mediterranean waters is vividly described in four Ugaritic letters, three of which (RS L 1, RS 20.238, RS 20.18) belong to the socalled Rap’anu-archive, named after an Ugaritic dignitary living in the residential area east of the palace (Lehmann 1979: 53; 59; cf. von Reden 1992: 266, Fig. 32), whereas one (RS 34.129) originates from an archive which came to light as a result of military defense works in the south of the city (Lehmann 1979: 481; Lehmann 1985: 32, note 64). Although the destruction of Ras Shamra/Ugarit c. 1180 BC only serves as a terminus ante quem for both archives, it RS 34.129 94 1. um-ma d UTU-ši-m[a] “Thus says His Majesty, the 47 seems clear from the contents that all four letters actually have a bearing on the city’s last days. The transcription of the texts, which varies in the different publications, has been systematized and improved by the Assyriologist Frans A.M. Wiggermann (letter d.d. 27 December 2003). Contrary to the sequence of their publication, I belief, with Hoftijzer & van Soldt (1998: 343), that letter RS L 1 precedes RS 20.238, because in the latter an answer is given to the question from the former where the troops and the chariotry of the king of Ugarit are stationed. LUGAL GAL-ú Great King. a-na lú sà-ki-in-ni qí-bi-ma Speak to the Prefect: ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 5. a-n[u]-um-ma it-tu-ka Now, (there) with you, the LUG[AL] EN-ka se-®e-er king your lord is (still too) mi-i[m-m]a la-a i-de young. He knows nothing. ù a-na-ku d UTU-ši And I, His Majesty, had a-na UGU-®i-šu um-da-e-ra-šu issued him an order 10. aš-šum m ib-na-du-šu concerning Ibnadušu, ša LU2.MEŠ kur.uru ši-ka-la-iu-ú whom the people from i[s]-bu-tu-šu-ú-ni Šikala – who live on ša i-na UGU-®i giš MA2.ME[Š] ships – had abducted. us-bu-ú-ni ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 15. a-nu-um-ma n[i-i]r-ga-i-li Herewith I send Nirga’ili, it-tu-ia who is kartappu with me, to lú kar-tap-pu you. 94 Malbran-Labat 1991: 38-9; cf. Dietrich & Loretz 1978.
Page 1: The Ethnicity of the Sea Peoples 1
Page 4 and 5: Promotiecommissie Promotor: Prof.dr
Page 7: CONTENTS Preface ..................
Page 10 and 11: profited from the collaboration wit
Page 12 and 13: Frontispiece. Rowers depicted on a
Page 15 and 16: In a work which deals with the ethn
Page 17 and 18: similar vein, to accuse Georges Dum
Page 19: upon a pre-existing local populatio
Page 22 and 23: certainty about the 8th century BC
Page 24 and 25: with the Heraklids Kresphontes and
Page 26 and 27: after the end of the Bronze Age. 43
Page 28 and 29: Miletos may be due to an historical
Page 30 and 31: It lies at hand to correlate the fa
Page 32 and 33: more, he rearranged the western pro
Page 35 and 36: 4. AN HISTORIOGRAPHIC OUTLINE In th
Page 37 and 38: The view of Maspero that the Sea Pe
Page 39 and 40: ples as mere pirates goes Helck’s
Page 41 and 42: site or manoeuvring in mountainous
Page 43 and 44: The contemporary sources with a bea
Page 45: Enkomi cylinder seal (Inv. no. 19.1
Page 49 and 50: RS 20.238 ù dú-nu-na-ta dan-níš
Page 51 and 52: Libyans (year 5) as well as success
Page 53 and 54: Fig. 5. Land battle scene of Medine
Page 55 and 56: he said to me: “To be sure, they
Page 57 and 58: 6. LUKKA AND THE LUKKA LANDS Since
Page 59 and 60: 7. ETHNOGENESIS OF THE GREEKS The d
Page 61 and 62: the archaeological record by the Ma
Page 63 and 64: adopting the then modern Indo-Aryan
Page 65 and 66: Evidently, the Hyksos were a highly
Page 67: linguistic features from an hypothe
Page 70 and 71: have been Crete, since in the text
Page 72 and 73: war 199 - a suggestion further emph
Page 74 and 75: give and take a few dialectal reshu
Page 77 and 78: In Homeros there are three indicati
Page 79 and 80: Models The problem of Etruscan orig
Page 81 and 82: 7th century BC, is, considering the
Page 83 and 84: (proto-)Villanovan is attested (cf.
Page 85 and 86: sumed that the Etruscans have borro
Page 87: grave of North Pontic steppe type,
Page 90 and 91: Trojans, nor will they change their
Page 92 and 93: “Venel Atelinas has given this to
Page 94 and 95: as follows: 370 1. M(arce) Vnata
Page 96 and 97:
Fig. 17. Settlement of the Sea Peop
Page 98 and 99:
salian Gyrtone. 406 On the basis of
Page 100 and 101:
of their foundation of Kume, the Ai
Page 102 and 103:
Asherah, Ugaritic y-, -m)!”. 453
Page 104 and 105:
inhabitants of the Mesara plain at
Page 106 and 107:
sociated from that of Mls, a predec
Page 108 and 109:
found here. 513 It is interesting t
Page 110 and 111:
Fig. 21. Distribution of Trojan gre
Page 112 and 113:
The story continues with the Sherde
Page 114 and 115:
On the basis of the combined eviden
Page 116 and 117:
our identification of the Weshesh w
Page 118 and 119:
(Histories I, 57) reports, adopted
Page 120 and 121:
lesh are geographically based, bein
Page 123 and 124:
APPENDIX I: ON THE DECIPHERMENT OF
Page 125 and 126:
36. 5 005 191 TIWATA, [ti] PF 2 (35
Page 127 and 128:
Evans CHIC CL value attestation 64.
Page 129 and 130:
identical to Egyptian bi’ty “ki
Page 131 and 132:
# 258 # 271 # 296 # 309 1 2 3 1. 'y
Page 133:
# 314 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. 'tá-PÁRA
Page 136 and 137:
52. “-ship” -®i- -c-, -- (pro)
Page 138 and 139:
59. 3rd pers. pl. pres./fut. -nt -n
Page 140 and 141:
pattern is formed by the G pl. in -
Page 142 and 143:
LUWIAN ROMAN INDIC GERMANIC F1 Tark
Page 144 and 145:
linguistic point of view, however,
Page 146 and 147:
meat) or as a sacred animal per se:
Page 148 and 149:
Behn, Friedrich, 1924, Hausurnen. B
Page 150 and 151:
tury B.C’. Orientalia 56. Pp. 1-3
Page 152 and 153:
Gardiner, Alan H., 1947, Ancient Eg
Page 154 and 155:
Ägäis und die Levante während de
Page 156 and 157:
terranean in the mid second millenn
Page 158 and 159:
occidentale. Studia Mediterranea 8.
Page 160 and 161:
Sommer, Ferdinand, 1932, Die A®®i
Page 162 and 163:
--- , 2004b, Woudhuizen, Fred C., S
Page 164 and 165:
hele andere etnische groep rekenen.
Page 167:
CURRICULUM VITAE VAN FREDERIK CHRIS
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