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these texts. 85 That the Enkomi cylinder seal belongs to the same chronological horizon is indicated by the fact that some of the persons mentioned in its text also figure in the texts of the Kalavassos cylinder seal and the tablet from Ras Shamra/Ugarit. The relationship between these three texts not only involves the mention of the same persons, but also entails the underlying structure of recording. 86 Thus, in all three there can be distinguished basically four types of information, (1) heading(s), (2) indications of deliverers, (3) indications of recipients, and (4) indications of products. The headings are mostly singled out as such by the locative in -ti: Umi(a)tisiti “at Amathus” in the texts of the Enkomi and Kalavassos cylinder seals, and Lamiyaneti kapariti “at the Lamiyan trade centre” in the text of the tablet from Ras Shamra/Ugarit. 87 Of the deliverers, only the name of the scribe, who identifies himself by the Luwian personal pronoun of the 1st person singular emu or -mu “I”, is purposely put in the nominative – written without its proper ending -s according to the standards in Linear B and Luwian hieroglyphic at the time. Thus: Pika, tamika Likike - mu “Pi®as, I, trader from Lycia” in the text of the Enkomi cylinder seal, emu Sanema “I, Sanemas” in the text of the Kalavassos cylinder seal, and Wesa -mu “I, Wesas” in the text of the tablet from Ras Shamra/Ugarit. As opposed to this, the main deliverer next to the scribe is written in the Luwian dative in -i, 88 to stress that the transactions are re- 85 Yon 1992: 120 dates the destruction of Ras Shamra-Ugarit between 1195 and 1185 BC, but note that her dates of the Egyptian pharaohs are 4 years higher than the ones presented by Kitchen 1989, which are followed here. The destructions in Cyprus at the end of Late Cypriote II, assigned by Karageorghis 1992: 80 to c. 1190 BC, are likely to be synchronized with the destruction of Ras Shamra/Ugarit. 86 For a full treatment, see Woudhuizen 1992a: 94-145 and Woudhuizen 1994. 87 This ending corresponds with the Luwian hieroglyphic locative singular in –ti, as attested for the Cekke text, see Woudhuizen 2005: section 1. 88 Bulgarmaden, phrase 10: Muti MASANA WATIti “for the divine mountain Muti”, Boça, phrase 4: MASANA RUWANTti “to, for Runt”, Karaburun, phrases 8 and 9: Sapi H ANTAWATti “for king Sapis”, Boça, phrase 2: MASANA TARH UNTti “for Tar®unt”, see Hawkins 2000: passim; Çineköy, phrase 10: parnàwai “for the house”, see Tekolu & Lemaire 2000: 988, etc.; also cf. Woudhuizen 2004b. 44 corded “on behalf” of the person in question: samuri manekaasi “on behalf of the Samian, representative of the Maeonians (?)” in the text of the Enkomi cylinder seal, Remi taasa wetuti wasaka “on behalf of Remus, governor of this town” in the text of the Kalavassos seal, and Akami pini Mali ati pini Apesa “on behalf of Akamas, representative of Malos and representative of Ephesos” in the text of the tablet from Ras Shamra/Ugarit. 89 If there are more deliverers, as in the case of the Enkomi and Kalavassos cylinder seals, these are likewise intended to be in the dative – even if this case is not always properly indicated by oversight or because of sloppiness. The recipients, distinguished as such by the fact that they follow the deliverers after a punctuation mark and/or a transaction term (telu, PI, etc.), are also rendered in the dative case, either in -ti90 or in -we91 as in the text of the Enkomi cylinder seal, or also in -i as in the text of the Kalavassos seal, or exclusively in -i as in the text of the tablet from Ras Shamra/Ugarit – with only a few exceptions from oversight or sloppiness. E.g.: Sanemeti Sikerisikaasi “to Sanemas, representative of the Shekelesh” and Lemapesiti Talimetu/natewe Sekeriyakati “to Lemapesi from Talmitesup’s town in Sangaria” in the text of the Enkomi cylinder seal, Isimiriti mitisa “to the servant from Smyrna” and tameki Pesewe “to the Pisidian trader” in the text of the Kalavassos seal, and Isipali “to Isiba‘al” in the text of the tablet from Ras Shamra/Ugarit. Finally, the indications of products, often occurring in abbreviation and in combination with numbers, so far identifiable appear to have a bearing on the cloth industry: ketu “cotton”, MA for maru “wool”, PA for pharweha “cloth”, pupuru “purple (colored cloth)”, RI for linon “linen”, and SA for sarara “spun flax” – with the exception of E for elaiwon “(linseed) oil” in the text of the Enkomi cylinder seal and WA or wane “wine” in the texts of the Kalavassos cylinder seal and the tablet from Ras Shamra/Ugarit. 89 For the improvement of our interpretation of this phrase, see section 13, note 530 below. 90 This ending corresponds with the Luwian hieroglyphic dative singular of the pronoun in -ti, see Meriggi 1980: 322-3. 91 This ending corresponds with the Sidetic dative singular in -va as attested for the form Trataeva “for Tratases” in Sid. no. 3, line 1, see Woudhuizen 1984-5: 124.
Enkomi cylinder seal (Inv. no. 19.10) 1. u-mi-a-ti-si-ti˚ “At Amathus.” 2. ya-sa.sa-ne-me-ti/i “(On behalf of) Iasos: to Sanemas, this, 3. te/ma-li-ki-pi-ti/E delivery to Malkipi(ya)s, (linseed) oil” 4. i1-ma-[..].pe-pa-e-ru- “I-ma-??: to Pe-pa-e-ru, 5. ti/RI1[/]sa-mu-ri. linen” “On behalf of the Samian: 6. i/ti-pa-pi-ti/PA/ this to Tispapi(ya)s, cloth 7. ke-tu/.PA/e1-ma-pi- (and) cotton,: cloth to Ermapi(ya)s, 8. ti/SA/pi-ka.E/ spun flax” “Pi®as: (linseed) oil 9. sa-ne-me-ti/li-ki-ke(-) to Sanemas” “I, trader from 10. mu/ta-mi-ka.pu-pu- Lycia: purple (colored) cloth 11. ru/u-li-mu-te-we/u- to U(wa)s from Urimu(wa)s’ 12. we/MA1/le(?)-ma1-pe-si- town, wool to Le-ma1-pe-si 13. ti/ta-li-me-tu(or na)-te-we from Talmitesup’s town 14. se-ke-ri1-ya-ka-ti ta- in Sangaria” “Trader (from 15. mi-ka.se-wa-ru a- Lycia): (to) lord Akamas, 16. ka-mu a-pe-si-ka-a- representative of Ephesos, 17. si ta-mi-ka.mi-we-tu(or na)- trader (from Lycia): to Mi-we- 18. we pa-ma1-ti -ma 2 I a- tu/na and Ba‘am 2 (units of) I” 19. ka-i1-ru-tu(or na).wa1-we- “(On behalf of) A-ka-i-ru-tu/na: to 20. ru-ti/ya-ru/ri1-ti- Wa1-we-ru, master (?) from the 21. si-te-we/e1-ka-ta-ti town of Rhytiassos (and) to E1-ka- 22. pe-lu ka-ta-ri[-te]-ti ta, lord from the town of Gadara; 23. ta-mi-ka.se-wa-ru-ti trader (from Lycia): to the lord 24. ka-ta-ri-te 3 PA ma-ne- from Gadara, 3 (units of) cloth” 25. ka-a-si sa-mu-ri.te-lu “On behalf of the Samian, representative of the Maeonians 26. sa-ne-me-ti si-ke-ri- (?), delivery to Sanemas, 27. si-ka-a-si sa-mu-ri representative of the Shekelesh” “On behalf of the Samian” Kalavassos cylinder seal (K-AD 389) 12. u-mi-ti-si-ti sa-mi- “At Amathus, for the Samian 13. ya we-tu-ti.i-le-mi town.” “On behalf of Ilm (he brings) 14. i se-mi/a ne-si- this for Samos, i.e. for the Hittite 15. ri sa-re-ki/[I] SA. from Sarawa: I (and) spun flax.” 16. i-ya/pi-ti(?)[ “These (products) he gives (…) 17. [ ]/a[ (…), i.e. (…:)” 18. i-le-mi/[le(?)]-mu-ne[-ti] “On behalf of Ilm to (the servant from) Lemnos, 1. i-le-mi/i-si-mi-ri-ti on behalf of Ilm to the servant 2. mi[-ti]-sa/i-a 2 I/SA; from Smyrna: these 2 (units of) I 45
Page 1: The Ethnicity of the Sea Peoples 1
Page 4 and 5: Promotiecommissie Promotor: Prof.dr
Page 7: CONTENTS Preface ..................
Page 10 and 11: profited from the collaboration wit
Page 12 and 13: Frontispiece. Rowers depicted on a
Page 15 and 16: In a work which deals with the ethn
Page 17 and 18: similar vein, to accuse Georges Dum
Page 19: upon a pre-existing local populatio
Page 22 and 23: certainty about the 8th century BC
Page 24 and 25: with the Heraklids Kresphontes and
Page 26 and 27: after the end of the Bronze Age. 43
Page 28 and 29: Miletos may be due to an historical
Page 30 and 31: It lies at hand to correlate the fa
Page 32 and 33: more, he rearranged the western pro
Page 35 and 36: 4. AN HISTORIOGRAPHIC OUTLINE In th
Page 37 and 38: The view of Maspero that the Sea Pe
Page 39 and 40: ples as mere pirates goes Helck’s
Page 41 and 42: site or manoeuvring in mountainous
Page 43: The contemporary sources with a bea
Page 47 and 48: Tablet 1687 from Enkomi Side A (15)
Page 49 and 50: RS 20.238 ù dú-nu-na-ta dan-níš
Page 51 and 52: Libyans (year 5) as well as success
Page 53 and 54: Fig. 5. Land battle scene of Medine
Page 55 and 56: he said to me: “To be sure, they
Page 57 and 58: 6. LUKKA AND THE LUKKA LANDS Since
Page 59 and 60: 7. ETHNOGENESIS OF THE GREEKS The d
Page 61 and 62: the archaeological record by the Ma
Page 63 and 64: adopting the then modern Indo-Aryan
Page 65 and 66: Evidently, the Hyksos were a highly
Page 67: linguistic features from an hypothe
Page 70 and 71: have been Crete, since in the text
Page 72 and 73: war 199 - a suggestion further emph
Page 74 and 75: give and take a few dialectal reshu
Page 77 and 78: In Homeros there are three indicati
Page 79 and 80: Models The problem of Etruscan orig
Page 81 and 82: 7th century BC, is, considering the
Page 83 and 84: (proto-)Villanovan is attested (cf.
Page 85 and 86: sumed that the Etruscans have borro
Page 87: grave of North Pontic steppe type,
Page 90 and 91: Trojans, nor will they change their
Page 92 and 93: “Venel Atelinas has given this to
Page 94 and 95:
as follows: 370 1. M(arce) Vnata
Page 96 and 97:
Fig. 17. Settlement of the Sea Peop
Page 98 and 99:
salian Gyrtone. 406 On the basis of
Page 100 and 101:
of their foundation of Kume, the Ai
Page 102 and 103:
Asherah, Ugaritic y-, -m)!”. 453
Page 104 and 105:
inhabitants of the Mesara plain at
Page 106 and 107:
sociated from that of Mls, a predec
Page 108 and 109:
found here. 513 It is interesting t
Page 110 and 111:
Fig. 21. Distribution of Trojan gre
Page 112 and 113:
The story continues with the Sherde
Page 114 and 115:
On the basis of the combined eviden
Page 116 and 117:
our identification of the Weshesh w
Page 118 and 119:
(Histories I, 57) reports, adopted
Page 120 and 121:
lesh are geographically based, bein
Page 123 and 124:
APPENDIX I: ON THE DECIPHERMENT OF
Page 125 and 126:
36. 5 005 191 TIWATA, [ti] PF 2 (35
Page 127 and 128:
Evans CHIC CL value attestation 64.
Page 129 and 130:
identical to Egyptian bi’ty “ki
Page 131 and 132:
# 258 # 271 # 296 # 309 1 2 3 1. 'y
Page 133:
# 314 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. 'tá-PÁRA
Page 136 and 137:
52. “-ship” -®i- -c-, -- (pro)
Page 138 and 139:
59. 3rd pers. pl. pres./fut. -nt -n
Page 140 and 141:
pattern is formed by the G pl. in -
Page 142 and 143:
LUWIAN ROMAN INDIC GERMANIC F1 Tark
Page 144 and 145:
linguistic point of view, however,
Page 146 and 147:
meat) or as a sacred animal per se:
Page 148 and 149:
Behn, Friedrich, 1924, Hausurnen. B
Page 150 and 151:
tury B.C’. Orientalia 56. Pp. 1-3
Page 152 and 153:
Gardiner, Alan H., 1947, Ancient Eg
Page 154 and 155:
Ägäis und die Levante während de
Page 156 and 157:
terranean in the mid second millenn
Page 158 and 159:
occidentale. Studia Mediterranea 8.
Page 160 and 161:
Sommer, Ferdinand, 1932, Die A®®i
Page 162 and 163:
--- , 2004b, Woudhuizen, Fred C., S
Page 164 and 165:
hele andere etnische groep rekenen.
Page 167:
CURRICULUM VITAE VAN FREDERIK CHRIS
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