The Ethnicity of the Sea Peoples - RePub - Erasmus Universiteit ...

these texts. 85 That the Enkomi cylinder seal belongs to the
same chronological horizon is indicated by the fact that
some of the persons mentioned in its text also figure in the
texts of the Kalavassos cylinder seal and the tablet from
Ras Shamra/Ugarit.
The relationship between these three texts not only
involves the mention of the same persons, but also entails
the underlying structure of recording. 86 Thus, in all three
there can be distinguished basically four types of information,
(1) heading(s), (2) indications of deliverers, (3) indications
of recipients, and (4) indications of products. The
headings are mostly singled out as such by the locative in
-ti: Umi(a)tisiti “at Amathus” in the texts of the Enkomi
and Kalavassos cylinder seals, and Lamiyaneti kapariti “at
the Lamiyan trade centre” in the text of the tablet from Ras
Shamra/Ugarit. 87 Of the deliverers, only the name of the
scribe, who identifies himself by the Luwian personal pronoun
of the 1st person singular emu or -mu “I”, is purposely
put in the nominative – written without its proper
ending -s according to the standards in Linear B and Luwian
hieroglyphic at the time. Thus: Pika, tamika Likike -
mu “Pi®as, I, trader from Lycia” in the text of the Enkomi
cylinder seal, emu Sanema “I, Sanemas” in the text of the
Kalavassos cylinder seal, and Wesa -mu “I, Wesas” in the
text of the tablet from Ras Shamra/Ugarit. As opposed to
this, the main deliverer next to the scribe is written in the
Luwian dative in -i, 88 to stress that the transactions are re-
85 Yon 1992: 120 dates the destruction of Ras Shamra-Ugarit between
1195 and 1185 BC, but note that her dates of the Egyptian
pharaohs are 4 years higher than the ones presented by Kitchen
1989, which are followed here. The destructions in Cyprus at the
end of Late Cypriote II, assigned by Karageorghis 1992: 80 to c.
1190 BC, are likely to be synchronized with the destruction of Ras
Shamra/Ugarit.
86 For a full treatment, see Woudhuizen 1992a: 94-145 and
Woudhuizen 1994.
87 This ending corresponds with the Luwian hieroglyphic locative
singular in –ti, as attested for the Cekke text, see Woudhuizen
2005: section 1.
88 Bulgarmaden, phrase 10: Muti MASANA WATIti “for the divine
mountain Muti”, Boça, phrase 4: MASANA RUWANTti “to, for
Runt”, Karaburun, phrases 8 and 9: Sapi H ANTAWATti “for king
Sapis”, Boça, phrase 2: MASANA TARH UNTti “for Tar®unt”, see
Hawkins 2000: passim; Çineköy, phrase 10: parnàwai “for the
house”, see Tekolu & Lemaire 2000: 988, etc.; also cf. Woudhuizen
2004b.
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corded “on behalf” of the person in question: samuri
manekaasi “on behalf of the Samian, representative of
the Maeonians (?)” in the text of the Enkomi cylinder seal,
Remi taasa wetuti wasaka “on behalf of Remus, governor
of this town” in the text of the Kalavassos seal, and Akami
pini Mali ati pini Apesa “on behalf of Akamas, representative
of Malos and representative of Ephesos” in the text of
the tablet from Ras Shamra/Ugarit. 89 If there are more deliverers,
as in the case of the Enkomi and Kalavassos cylinder
seals, these are likewise intended to be in the dative –
even if this case is not always properly indicated by oversight
or because of sloppiness. The recipients, distinguished
as such by the fact that they follow the deliverers
after a punctuation mark and/or a transaction term (telu, PI,
etc.), are also rendered in the dative case, either in -ti90 or
in -we91 as in the text of the Enkomi cylinder seal, or also
in -i as in the text of the Kalavassos seal, or exclusively in
-i as in the text of the tablet from Ras Shamra/Ugarit –
with only a few exceptions from oversight or sloppiness.
E.g.: Sanemeti Sikerisikaasi “to Sanemas, representative of
the Shekelesh” and Lemapesiti Talimetu/natewe Sekeriyakati
“to Lemapesi from Talmitesup’s town in Sangaria” in
the text of the Enkomi cylinder seal, Isimiriti mitisa “to the
servant from Smyrna” and tameki Pesewe “to the
Pisidian trader” in the text of the Kalavassos seal, and Isipali
“to Isiba‘al” in the text of the tablet from Ras
Shamra/Ugarit. Finally, the indications of products, often
occurring in abbreviation and in combination with numbers,
so far identifiable appear to have a bearing on the
cloth industry: ketu “cotton”, MA for maru “wool”, PA for
pharweha “cloth”, pupuru “purple (colored cloth)”, RI for
linon “linen”, and SA for sarara “spun flax” – with the exception
of E for elaiwon “(linseed) oil” in the text of the
Enkomi cylinder seal and WA or wane “wine” in the texts
of the Kalavassos cylinder seal and the tablet from Ras
Shamra/Ugarit.
89 For the improvement of our interpretation of this phrase, see
section 13, note 530 below.
90 This ending corresponds with the Luwian hieroglyphic dative
singular of the pronoun in -ti, see Meriggi 1980: 322-3.
91 This ending corresponds with the Sidetic dative singular in -va
as attested for the form Trataeva “for Tratases” in Sid. no. 3, line
1, see Woudhuizen 1984-5: 124.