The Ethnicity of the Sea Peoples - RePub - Erasmus Universiteit ...
The Ethnicity of the Sea Peoples - RePub - Erasmus Universiteit ...
The Ethnicity of the Sea Peoples - RePub - Erasmus Universiteit ...
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Fig. 25. Origins <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cretan hieroglyphic script. (a) Luwian hieroglyphic<br />
(56 signs); (b) Egyptian hieroglyphic (14 signs). 641<br />
1 Egypt; 2 Byblos; 3 Cyprus; 4 Asia Minor; 5 Crete; 6 mainland<br />
Greece<br />
As to <strong>the</strong> linguistic context <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> signs discussed<br />
above, this has been dealt with elsewhere as far as <strong>the</strong> discus<br />
<strong>of</strong> Phaistos (# 333), 642 <strong>the</strong> double-axe from Arkalokhori<br />
(# 332), <strong>the</strong> altar-stone from Malia (# 328), <strong>the</strong> seals<br />
from Zyro (# 193, # 277), Malia (# 271), Neapolis (#<br />
314), 643 and Sitia (# 310), 644 and <strong>the</strong> recurrent formulas<br />
are concerned. It <strong>the</strong>refore may suffice here, as an example<br />
<strong>of</strong> what <strong>the</strong> analysis <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> signs may lead up to in <strong>the</strong> field<br />
<strong>of</strong> linguistics, to present an overview <strong>of</strong> seals recording <strong>the</strong><br />
categories (1) “man’s name” (= MN) and (2) “title” or (1)<br />
“MN”, (2) “title”, and (3) “place or country name” (see table<br />
8 and Fig. 26) – categories to be expected on seals in<br />
<strong>the</strong> light <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> parallels: compare, for example, <strong>the</strong> Luwian<br />
hieroglyphic part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Tarkondemos seal, bearing<br />
<strong>the</strong> legend TARKU-tí+mi H ANTAWAT mi+r(a)-à UTNA “Tarkondemos,<br />
king (<strong>of</strong>) <strong>the</strong> land Mira”, 645 or that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> seal<br />
<strong>of</strong> Kuzitesup from Lidarhöyük, reading ku-zi ! -TESUP-pa<br />
H ANTAWAT ká+r-ka-mi-sà TAL-mi-TESUP-pa H ANTAWAT<br />
ká+r-ka-mi-sà (…) infans “Kuzitesup, king <strong>of</strong> Karkamis,<br />
641 Diagram drawn by Wim van Binsbergen.<br />
642 Best & Woudhuizen 1988: 30-84; Best & Woudhuizen 1989:<br />
65-97; Woudhuizen 1992a: 11-41; Achterberg, Best, Enzler,<br />
Rietveld & Woudhuizen 2004.<br />
643 Best & Woudhuizen 1989: 97-128.<br />
644 Woudhuizen 2002a.<br />
645 Best & Woudhuizen 1989: 108-11; cf. Hawkins 2003: 144,<br />
Fig. 1a and Woudhuizen 2005 : appendix I.<br />
128<br />
son <strong>of</strong> Talmitesup, king <strong>of</strong> Karkamis, (…)”. 646<br />
Most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> MNs are <strong>of</strong> Luwian type: Muwas (cf. Hittite<br />
Muwatallis), 647 Partarus (= Lydian Bartara), 648 Nuwas<br />
(cf. Cappadocian reduplicated Nuwanuwas), 649<br />
Taparas (= Lycian Daparas), 650 Tarkus, Tarkumuwas (=<br />
Cilician Tarkoms), 651 and possibly Manas (= Lydian<br />
Manes). 652 Next, one is <strong>of</strong> Kaskan type: Pitaparas (= Kaskan<br />
Pittaparas), 653 whereas <strong>the</strong> first element <strong>of</strong> Ankiwas<br />
seems to recall that <strong>of</strong> Trojan Ankhises. 654 Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore,<br />
under consideration <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fact that Cretan hieroglyphic [l]<br />
may also express [r], Yatale corresponds to Ugaritic Ytr as<br />
in Bnytr (Bin-ia-ta-ri), Ytrhd (Yatar-addu), Ytršp (Ia-tarrašap),<br />
etc. 655 Finally, under consideration <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> aforesaid<br />
interchangeability <strong>of</strong> [l] with [r] and on <strong>the</strong> analogy <strong>of</strong><br />
Luwian hieroglyphic Murlis and Halis, 656<br />
Manile may657 be analyzed as an abridged form <strong>of</strong> Egyptian<br />
Men-r‘.<br />
Of <strong>the</strong> titles, laparnas (= Hittite labarnas) 658 , PÁRAcustos<br />
“viceroy” (cf. titles like Latin pro-consul), and<br />
tupa- “scribe” 659 are <strong>of</strong> Anatolian type. Next, pini<br />
corresponds to Semitic bn as in Ugaritic bn Lky “representative<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Lycians”. 660 Finally, bi’ty or pit or piti is<br />
646 Hawkins 2000: 574-5; cf. Hawkins 2003, 144, Fig. 1c.<br />
647 Hawkins 2003: 144, Fig. 1b.<br />
648 Gusmani, 1964: 264, no. 40, 2; cf. Best & Woudhuizen 1989:<br />
126; Woudhuizen forthc. 2.<br />
649 Laroche 1966, s.v.; cf. Best & Woudhuizen 1989: 126.<br />
650 Friedrich 1932: 55, TL 6, 1; cf. Best & Woudhuizen 1989:<br />
126.<br />
651 Houwink ten Cate 1961: 127.<br />
652 Gusmani 1964: 250, no. 1, 3; 252, no. 4a, 1 and no. 4b, 1; cf.<br />
Best & Woudhuizen 1989: 126. I cannot resist <strong>the</strong> temptation to<br />
suggest that we may actually be dealing here with <strong>the</strong> Cretan royal<br />
name Minos; note in this connection that # 257 is <strong>the</strong> most beautiful<br />
seal, used by Evans for <strong>the</strong> cover <strong>of</strong> his book on <strong>the</strong> topic!<br />
653 Von Schuler 1965: Indices, 2. Personennamen, s.v.<br />
654 Homeros, Iliad II, 820, etc.<br />
655 Gröndahl 1967, s.v. ytr.<br />
656 Beran 1967: nos. 180 (um+r-li) and 186 (®á+li).<br />
657 Ranke 1935, s.v. mn-®pr-r‘.<br />
658 Friedrich 1991, s.v.; cf. Best & Woudhuizen 1989: 117-8.<br />
659 Laroche 1960a: *326.<br />
660 Gordon 1955: glossary, s.v.; Astour 1964: 194; Woudhuizen