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Fig. 21. Distribution of Trojan grey ware (from Heuck Allen 1994). the end of the Late Bronze Age, some, no doubt subsequent, Late Helladic IIIC1b ware – the hallmark of the settlement of Sea Peoples. 539 If I understand Susan Heuck Allen correctly in that the Trojan grey ware arrived in Tell Abu Hawam already before the aforesaid destruction layer, 540 the Trojans 539 Sandars 1980: 161; 165. 540 Heuck Allen 1994: 40; and note 8: Trojan grey ware is not found in association with Late Helladic IIIC1b. 110 evidently prospected the site in the period of their trade connections with the Levant and hence very well knew where to go to find themselves a better place to stay!
14. THE CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN CONTRIBUTION Sherden The Sherden541 are first mentioned in the correspondence of the king of Byblos, Rib-addi, with the Egyptian pharaoh, presumably Akhenaten (1352-1336 BC), as preserved for the El-Amarna archive. Thus a Shirdan-man is staged in the context of a futile assault on Rib-addi, possibly as the latter’s body-guard. 542 Furthermore, Rib-addi complains that people of Sutu – a contigent of mercenaries of the Egyptian pharaoh – have killed men of Sherdan. 543 The use of Sherden for their fighting skill in the Levant can be further illustrated by texts from Ras Shamra/Ugarit, roughly dated to the 14th or 13th century BC, where in alphabetic form trtnm they occur in the context of tnnm “hand-to-hand fighters or skirmishers”, mrjnm “chariot fighters” and mdrglm “guardians”. 544 Interesting detail is that when specified by name, as in case of Amar-Addu, son of Mutba‘al, the Sherden can be shown to be fully acculturated to their new Semitic milieu. 545 After the El-Amarna interlude, the Sherden appear as seaborne raiders of Egyptian territory in the reign of Ramesses II (1279-1213 BC), who in the Tanis stele speaks of “the rebellious-hearted Sherden” “in their warships from the midst of the sea”, “none [being] able to stand before them”. 546 This information coincides with the text of a stele from Assuwan, dated to the second year of Ramesses II (= 1277 BC), in which the pharaoh claims to have “destroyed warriors of the Great Green (= the Mediterranean sea)” so that “Lower Egypt spends the night sleeping (peacefully)”. 547 As it seems, then, Ramesses II had to deal with piratical raids by the Sherden early in his reign. Having defeated them, he next enlisted the survivors 541 Gardiner 1947: 194-7; Strobel 1976: 190-4; Lehmann 1979: 485; 488; 493-4, note 49; Lehmann 1983: 80-5; Drews 1993a: 152-5. 542 Moran 1992: 150 (EA 81: 16); Mercer 1939: EA no. 81. 543 Moran 1992: 201-2 (EA 122: 35; 123: 15); Mercer 1939: EA nos. 122-3. 544 Loretz 1995: 128-32; cf. Drews 1993a: 155 (RS 15.103). 545 Drews 1993a: 155. 546 Gardiner 1961: 259; Drews 1993a: 153; cf. Breasted 1927: Vol. IV, no. 491. 547 Gardiner 1947: 195. 111 as mercenaries in his army, for in the memorial of the battle of Kadesh, which took place in the fifth year of his reign (= 1274 BC), Ramesses II reports that a contingent of Sherden fought on his side (“His Majesty had made ready his infantry and his chariotry, and the Sherden of His Majesty’s capturing whom he had brought back by victory of his strong arm”). 548 On the basis of close scrutiny of the Egyptian reliefs from the reigns of Ramesses II to Ramesses III, Robert Drews attributed the introduction in the orient of innovations in infantry warfare, like the round shield, the javelins, and the long slashing sword, which, when deployed in sufficient numbers, could outmatch the up to that moment unchallenged chariotry, to the Sherden, identifiable as such by their characteristic horned helmet (see Fig. 22). 549 (a) (b) Fig. 22. Sherden in the Egyptian reliefs from the reigns of Ramesses II and Ramesses III with (a) long slashing swords and round shields, and (b) javelins (from Sandars 1980: 29, afb. 12 and 32, afb. 14). 548 Gardiner 1960: P25-30; Drews 1993a: 131; cf. Breasted 1927: Vol. III, no. 307. 549 Drews 1993: 178-9; 184 (with reference to Sandars 1980: 32, afb. 14); 199 (with reference to Sandars 1980: 29, afb. 12).
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The Ethnicity of the Sea Peoples 1
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Promotiecommissie Promotor: Prof.dr
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CONTENTS Preface ..................
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profited from the collaboration wit
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Frontispiece. Rowers depicted on a
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In a work which deals with the ethn
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similar vein, to accuse Georges Dum
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upon a pre-existing local populatio
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certainty about the 8th century BC
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with the Heraklids Kresphontes and
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after the end of the Bronze Age. 43
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Miletos may be due to an historical
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It lies at hand to correlate the fa
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more, he rearranged the western pro
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4. AN HISTORIOGRAPHIC OUTLINE In th
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The view of Maspero that the Sea Pe
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ples as mere pirates goes Helck’s
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site or manoeuvring in mountainous
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The contemporary sources with a bea
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Enkomi cylinder seal (Inv. no. 19.1
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Tablet 1687 from Enkomi Side A (15)
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RS 20.238 ù dú-nu-na-ta dan-níš
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Libyans (year 5) as well as success
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Fig. 5. Land battle scene of Medine
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he said to me: “To be sure, they
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6. LUKKA AND THE LUKKA LANDS Since
Page 59 and 60: 7. ETHNOGENESIS OF THE GREEKS The d
Page 61 and 62: the archaeological record by the Ma
Page 63 and 64: adopting the then modern Indo-Aryan
Page 65 and 66: Evidently, the Hyksos were a highly
Page 67: linguistic features from an hypothe
Page 70 and 71: have been Crete, since in the text
Page 72 and 73: war 199 - a suggestion further emph
Page 74 and 75: give and take a few dialectal reshu
Page 77 and 78: In Homeros there are three indicati
Page 79 and 80: Models The problem of Etruscan orig
Page 81 and 82: 7th century BC, is, considering the
Page 83 and 84: (proto-)Villanovan is attested (cf.
Page 85 and 86: sumed that the Etruscans have borro
Page 87: grave of North Pontic steppe type,
Page 90 and 91: Trojans, nor will they change their
Page 92 and 93: “Venel Atelinas has given this to
Page 94 and 95: as follows: 370 1. M(arce) Vnata
Page 96 and 97: Fig. 17. Settlement of the Sea Peop
Page 98 and 99: salian Gyrtone. 406 On the basis of
Page 100 and 101: of their foundation of Kume, the Ai
Page 102 and 103: Asherah, Ugaritic y-, -m)!”. 453
Page 104 and 105: inhabitants of the Mesara plain at
Page 106 and 107: sociated from that of Mls, a predec
Page 108 and 109: found here. 513 It is interesting t
Page 112 and 113: The story continues with the Sherde
Page 114 and 115: On the basis of the combined eviden
Page 116 and 117: our identification of the Weshesh w
Page 118 and 119: (Histories I, 57) reports, adopted
Page 120 and 121: lesh are geographically based, bein
Page 123 and 124: APPENDIX I: ON THE DECIPHERMENT OF
Page 125 and 126: 36. 5 005 191 TIWATA, [ti] PF 2 (35
Page 127 and 128: Evans CHIC CL value attestation 64.
Page 129 and 130: identical to Egyptian bi’ty “ki
Page 131 and 132: # 258 # 271 # 296 # 309 1 2 3 1. 'y
Page 133: # 314 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. 'tá-PÁRA
Page 136 and 137: 52. “-ship” -®i- -c-, -- (pro)
Page 138 and 139: 59. 3rd pers. pl. pres./fut. -nt -n
Page 140 and 141: pattern is formed by the G pl. in -
Page 142 and 143: LUWIAN ROMAN INDIC GERMANIC F1 Tark
Page 144 and 145: linguistic point of view, however,
Page 146 and 147: meat) or as a sacred animal per se:
Page 148 and 149: Behn, Friedrich, 1924, Hausurnen. B
Page 150 and 151: tury B.C’. Orientalia 56. Pp. 1-3
Page 152 and 153: Gardiner, Alan H., 1947, Ancient Eg
Page 154 and 155: Ägäis und die Levante während de
Page 156 and 157: terranean in the mid second millenn
Page 158 and 159: occidentale. Studia Mediterranea 8.
Page 160 and 161:
Sommer, Ferdinand, 1932, Die A®®i
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--- , 2004b, Woudhuizen, Fred C., S
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hele andere etnische groep rekenen.
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CURRICULUM VITAE VAN FREDERIK CHRIS
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