The Ethnicity of the Sea Peoples - RePub - Erasmus Universiteit ...

found here. 513 It is interesting to note in this connection
that Phrygian Kybele is attested in Luwian form Kupapa
for a magic spell to conjure the Asiatic pox in the language
of the Keftiu (= Cretans) as preserved in an Egyptian
medical papyrus presumably from the reign of Amenhotep
III (1390-1352 BC) or one of his forerunners. 514 Thirdly,
there is the Athenian version according to which Teukros
ultimately originates from the Attic deme Xytepê515 or is
staged as the son of Telamon, king of Salamis in
Greece. 516 As duly noted by Einar Gjerstad, this last mentioned
form of the myth may have received emphasis from
the Athenian policy vis-à-vis Cyprus in the 5th century
BC. 517 At any rate, from an archaeological point of view
the mythical relation between the Troad and southern
Greece might be reflected in the formal resemblance of the
so-called Minyan ware, characteristic of mainland Greece
for the Early Helladic III and Middle Helladic periods,
with Trojan grey ware (from the beginning of Troy VI onwards)
518 – a relation which in fact is so close that numerous
archaeologists used the term Minyan ware for the latter
as well. 519 This would lead us to the assumption that the
inhabitants of the Troad from c. 1800 BC onwards are
kinsmen of the Thraco-Phrygian population groups of
Middle Helladic Greece – a thesis materialized to some extent
by Leonid Gindin. 520 Note in this connection that in
513 Godart 1994; Faure 1996.
514 Woudhuizen 1992a: 1-10; see also appendix III below.
515 Dionysios of Halikarnassos, Roman Antiquities I, 61; Strabo,
Geography XIII, 1, 48; Vürtheim 1913: 8-11; Strobel 1976: 50.
516 Euripides, Helen 87-8.
517 Gjerstad 1944: 119; cf. Strobel 1976: 52.
518 Blegen 1963: 111 who attributes the introduction of grey Minyan
to the arrival of a new population.
519 Heuck Allen 1994: 39 with reference, amongst others, to
Schliemann, Blegen, Caskey.
520 Gindin 1999: 57-8 (Skaiai gates); 62-4 (Kebrions); 263
(Laomedn ho Phrux, and his wife Strum), to which may be added
the Thracian nature of the personal name Paris, cf. Detschew
1976, s.v., and the Phrygian descent of Priamos’ wife Hekab
(Iliad XVI, 718). Note that the analysis of Priamos < Luwian Pariya-muwas
by Watkins 1986: 54 is dubious and that the first element
of this personal name is rather linked up with that of local
place names like Priapos, Prin and Phrygian Prietas as stipulated
by Kullmann 1999: 197 and Neumann 1999: 16, note 3, and/or
the root of the New Phrygian vocabulary word prieis “carae” as
per Haas 1966: 225, the latter from the PIE root *priyá-
“(be)love(d)”, cf. Mayrhofer 1974: 18-9.
108
section 7 above on the ethnogenesis of the Greeks we have
seen reason for Thraco-Phrygian population groups of
Middle Helladic Greece who wanted to stay free to seek
new homes among their kinsmen to the north and northeast
as a result of the arrival of foreign conquerors from the beginning
of Late Helladic I (c. 1600 BC) onwards. 521
Which of these three scenarios applies, cannot be determined
in the present state of the evidence. Therefore, it
may suffice for our present purposes to observe that according
to Greek literary sources “Teukroi” is the oldest
designation of the population of the Troad, followed by
“Dardanians” (after Dardanos) and “Trojans” (after
Tros). 522
The literary tradition on Teukros also contains a number
of what appear to be dim reflections of the Tjeker’s
partaking in the upheavals of the Sea Peoples. Thus, it is
related that Teukros, after the sack of Troy and the banishment
from Salamis in Greece by his father Telamon,
visited Egypt where he received an oracle about his ultimate
destination, Salamis in Cyprus. 523 Next, the story
goes that Teukros visited Sidon on his way to Cyprus and
received help from its king Belos (< Semitic Ba‘al “lord”)
in the colonization of Salamis. 524 Finally, tradition has it
that Teukros takes Gergines from the Troad and Mysia
with him as prisoners of war during the colonization of Salamis
in Cyprus. 525 Considering the fact that Gergines is
an ancient form of Gergithae, 526 under which name, as we
521 The expansion of the Mycenaean civilization to the north and
northeast coincides with population pressure in the direction of
northwest Anatolia. Thus, according to Homeros, Iliad III, 184-7,
Phrygian forces originating from the European continent had
already mustered along the banks of the Sangarios about a generation
before the Trojan war (c. 1280 BC). Furthermore, the Kaskans,
who are characterized by a Thracian type of onomastics (see
Woudhuizen 1993b: passim), became a growing threat to the Hittites
from the beginning of the Middle Kingdom period (= early in
the 15th century BC), onwards, see von Schuler 1965: 27. Finally,
Phrygian penetration into the province of Azzi-Hayasa to the
northeast of the Hittite capital Boazköy/Hattusa in the times of
Tud®alias II (1390-1370 BC) and Arnuwandas I (1370-1355 BC)
is personified by Mita of Pa®®uwa, see section 7, esp. note 146,
above.
522 Diodorus Siculus, Library of History IV, 75, 1; cf. Apollodoros,
Library III, 12, 1.
523 Euripides, Helen 87 ff.
524 Vergilius, Aeneid I, 619 ff.
525 Athenaios, Deipnosophistai VI, 68, 256b.
526 Athenaios, Deipnosophistai VI, 68, 256c.