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0.61) on student achievement. According to Hembree (1992), the <strong>teacher</strong> characteristic with the most positive effect on<br />

students’ performance was specialist training in heuristic methods (d = 0.71). The methods include, for example, Pólya’s<br />

(1945) four phases of: (1) understanding the problem, (2) obtaining a plan of the solution, (3) carrying out the problem,<br />

and (4) examining the solutions obtained. Problem-solving methods can also have a positive influence on student<br />

interpersonal outcomes. Almeida and Denham (1984) reported positive effects of interpersonal cognitive problem solving<br />

skills on behavioral adjustment and social behaviors (see also Denham & Almeida, 1987).<br />

References:<br />

Almeida, M. C., & and Denham, S. A. (1984, April). Interpersonal cognitive problem-solving: A meta analysis. Paper<br />

presented at the Annual Meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Baltimore, MD.<br />

Denham, S. A., & Almeida, M. C. (1987). Children’s social problem-solving skills, behavioral adjustment, and interventions:<br />

A meta-analysis involving theory and practice. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 8(4), 391-409.<br />

Hattie, J. (2009). Visible learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement. New York: Routledge.<br />

Hembree, R. (1992). Experiments and relational studies in problem solving: A meta-analysis, Journal for Research in<br />

Mathematics Education, 23(3), 242-273.<br />

Pólya, G. (1945). How to solve it: A new aspect of mathematical method. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.<br />

Wenglisnky, H. (2002, February). How schools matter: The link between classroom practices and student academic<br />

performance. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 10(12). Available from http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v10n12/<br />

Wenglinsky, H. (2003). Using large-scale research to gauge the impact of instructional practices on student reading<br />

comprehension. Educational Policy Analysis Archives, 11(9). Available from http://epaa.asu.edu/espaa/v11n9/<br />

Wenglinsky, H. (2004, September). Facts or critical thinking skills? What the NAEP results say. Educational Leadership,<br />

62(1), 32-35. Available from http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/sept04/vol62/num01/Facts-or-<br />

Critical-Thinking-Skills%C2%A2-%E2%80%94-What-NAEP-Results-Say.aspx<br />

4.2 Teacher uses a variety of instructional resources to enhance student learning<br />

Aligns with InTASC Standard #8: Instructional Strategies. The <strong>teacher</strong> understands and uses a variety of instructional<br />

strategies to encourage learners to develop deep understanding of content areas and their connections, and to build<br />

skills to apply knowledge in meaningful ways.<br />

Research on the use of technology and other instructional resources to enhance student learning may be found in<br />

WestEd’s Research Base: Using Technology to Support Diverse Learners (n.d.) and Marzano’s Classroom Instruction That<br />

Works (2001). Hattie’s meta-analysis (2009) found that use of interactive video methods, i.e. a combination of computer-<br />

Missouri’s EDuCATor EVALuATioN sYsTEM

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