The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction

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Page 94 of 207 RIVM report 650270002 Tryptophan methyl-5H-pyrido-(4,3-b)indole (Trp-P-2) (11-13). CONSENSUS REPORTS No data available STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ADI: An adult requires 3.5 mg tryptophan per kg body weight per day or about 250 mg per day to maintain nitrogen balance (10). TWANL = MAC: no data available TWAD =MAK: no data available TWAUSA: no data available STELNL: no data available STELUSA: no data available LTEL: no data available TLV-C: no data available TLV-CARCINOGENICITY: no data available MAK-REPRODUCTION: no data available Others: Reference value: Mean free tryptophan in plasma is 9.8 mg/l (range 5.1 – 14.9 mg/l) (14). The amount of tryptophan in whole blood is 2.0 g/ 100 g protein (15). CLASS Tryptophan is not classified as carcinogenic (EG, IARC, TLV and MAK) (3). EG Carc. Cat.: no data available IARC-category: no data available CEC: no data available Critical assessment Comparison of smoking related potential daily intake of tryptophan (mg) with daily intake from other sources: SMOKING DAILY TRYPTOPHAN ORAL INTAKE FROM 25 cig./day 3 chocolate cocoa Milk (1% cocoa) bars of 60 g powder (25g) (250 ml) TRYPTOPHAN (mg) 0.75 (7) 98 (milk) (7) 75 (7) 105 (10) 41 (dark) (7) Conclusion The daily intake of tryptophan from cocoa added to cigarettes is marginal compared with that of tryptophan intake from other sources, like chocolate or milk. The plasma concentration reached after ingestion of tryptophan from chocolate sources or food is expected to be significantly higher, than intake from cigarettes. Since tryptophan is an endogenous compound, it is not expected that the inhaled amount from cigarette
RIVM report 650270002 Page 95 of 207 Tryptophan smoking will significantly affect the tryptophan plasma level. PHARMACODYNAMICS Mechanism of action Tryptophan is an essential constituent of the diet. It plays an important role in protein synthesis and is also precursor of a variety of biologically active compounds including serotonin, melatonin, tryptamine, quinolinic acid and kynurenic acid. In addition, tryptophan is precursor to the coenzymes NAD and NADP and can replace niacin as an essential nutrient (10). A compound in cigarette tar, possibly an oxidised tryptophan, exhibits an affinity for the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor, which induces the biotransformation enzymes (16). Pulmonary system breathing frequency: no data available tidal volume: no data available lung compliance: no data available airway resistance: no data available Cardiovascular system blood pressure: In humans, single oral doses of L-tryptophan (50 mg/kg body weight) lowered blood pressure significantly 90-120 min after administration in patients with essential hypertension, but not in normotensive controls. The tryptophan-induced lowering of blood pressure could be attributable to the enhancement of central serotonin synthesis (17). Chronic oral administration of L-tryptophan (1.26 g/kg/day) attenuated the elevation of systolic blood pressure in deoxycorticosterone salt-treated rats (18). heart rate: No data available. Renal system diuresis: Intra peritoneal injected tryptophan in rats showed the same antidiuretic effect as serotonin in rats; it has an initial antidiuretic effect and evokes subsequently diuresis (19). saluresis: Tryptophan injected in the median raphe nucleus of rats (200 mg/kg) increased the Na + and K + excretion (20). Nervous system Tryptophan affects the CNS due to alternations of brain tryptophan levels, which influence serotonin synthesis (10). Both excessive intake and deficiency of tryptophan affects the CNS. central nervous system: Tryptophan deficiency (due to chronic dietary insufficiency) may lead to pellagra. Pellagra is associated with diarrhoea, dermatitis and mental symptoms. Mild cases of pellagra can be associated with headache, sleep disturbances and depression and severe cases are associated with hallucinations, catatonia, dementia and seizures. Tryptophan is used in mild to moderate depression, mild insomnia, pain and aggression. High oral doses (> 1 g) are needed to obtain these pharmacological effects (10). autonomic system: No data available.
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The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction

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