The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction
The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction
RIVM report 650270002 Page 92 of 207 Tryptophan 3.5 Tryptophan GENERAL IUPAC systematic name: L-2-Amino-3-(indol-3-yl)propionic acid (1). Synonyms: L-Tryptophan; Tryptophanum (1) (S)-alpha-amino-1H-indole-3propanoic acid; l-alpha-aminoindole-3-propionic acid; l-alpha-amino-3indolepropionic acid; 2-amino-3-indolylpropanoic acid; l-beta-3-indolylalanine (2). Molecular formula: C11H12N2O2 (1-4) N H O NH 2 OH Molecular weight: 204.2 g/mol (1-4) Alifatic: propyl-chain (4) Aromatic: indole ring (4) N containing: yes (4) Halogen containing: No (4) CAS registry no.: 73-22-3 (3). Storage: Not stable in light (3). R/S classification: No data available. dangercode (transport): No data available. Properties: melting point: E 280 ºC (3). boiling point: No data available density: E 1340 kg/m 3 (3). refractive index: No data available solubility: Sparingly soluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol; practically insoluble in ether; dissolves in dilute mineral acids and in dilute solutions of alkali hydroxides (1). Moderate soluble in water (E 1.1 g/100 ml) (3). substance: color: white/light yellow (3). liquid/gas/powder: a white or almost white crystalline or amorphous powder (1). odor/taste: odourless (3). volatility: No data available pKa: pKa = 2.38, pKb = 9.34 and pI = 5.89 (4). PA: kcal/mol: No data available flammability: No data available FP = FL Limits = IT = decomposition temperature: E 280ºC (3), 290 – 295ºC (5). vapour pressure/ vapour tension (20 °C): No data available vapour pressure (50 °C): No data available
RIVM report 650270002 Page 93 of 207 Tryptophan relative density: E 1.3 (3) log P octanol/water: No data available octanol water partition coefficient, log KOW: No data available conversion factor: No data available Critical assessment Tryptophan is in the first place an amino acid. Its three characteristic structural features are: the heterocyclic indol part, linked to the short aliphatic chain with the amino group and the carboxy group. The carboxy group supplies polarity to the compound. The amino acid feature means that it is a potential component of proteins. The available free amino group is a potential group to react with aldehydes and ketones. Conclusion Tryptophan is a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound, linked to a short aliphatic chain with a free amino-group and a free carboxy-group. The compound belongs to the group of amino acids, the basic components for proteins. FUNCTION IN TOBACCO No data available. AMOUNT IN TOBACCO PRODUCTS No data are available on the amount of natural occurring tryptophan in tobacco. A source of tryptophan in cigarettes is cocoa powder. A typical casing concentration of cocoa powder for cigarette tobacco is 1% (6). The average amount of tryptophan in cocoa powder is 3 mg/g (7). Assuming one cigarette weights approximately 1 g, the tryptophan amount from cocoa powder in one cigarette is estimated to be ± 30 µg. AMOUNT IN SMOKE main stream: No data available side stream: No data avaialable SOURCE (tobacco, combustion product or other) Tryptophan is an endogenous compound of tobacco and is also added exogenously as cocoa powder (8, 9). ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS AND HUMAN EXPOSURE Tryptophan amount per 100 g is in milk 42 mg, in eggs 165 mg, wheat flour 110 mg, sausage 93 mg, potato 28 mg, cheese (Edam) 325 mg and beef 230 mg. It is estimated that the daily Finnish intake is 900mg/day per person, which exceeds the required amount of 250 mg/day (10). COMBUSTION PRODUCTS By combustion generation of toxic/corrosive damps/gases: nitrous gasses and carbon monoxide and dioxide (3). Pyrolysis of tryptophan results in carcinogenic products such as 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido(4,3-b)indole (Trp-P-1) and 3-amino-1-
- Page 41 and 42: RIVM report 650270002 Page 41 of 20
- Page 43 and 44: RIVM report 650270002 Page 43 of 20
- Page 45 and 46: RIVM report 650270002 Page 45 of 20
- Page 47 and 48: Page 47 of 207 RIVM report 65027000
- Page 49 and 50: RIVM report 650270002 Page 49 of 20
- Page 51 and 52: RIVM report 650270002 Page 51 of 20
- Page 53 and 54: RIVM report 650270002 Page 53 of 20
- Page 55 and 56: RIVM report 650270002 Page 55 of 20
- Page 57 and 58: RIVM report 650270002 Page 57 of 20
- Page 59 and 60: RIVM report 650270002 Page 59 of 20
- Page 61 and 62: RIVM report 650270002 Page 61 of 20
- Page 63 and 64: RIVM report 650270002 Page 63 of 20
- Page 65 and 66: RIVM report 650270002 Page 65 of 20
- Page 67 and 68: RIVM report 650270002 Page 67 of 20
- Page 69 and 70: RIVM report 650270002 Page 69 of 20
- Page 71 and 72: RIVM report 650270002 Page 71 of 20
- Page 73 and 74: RIVM report 650270002 Page 73 of 20
- Page 75 and 76: RIVM report 650270002 Page 75 of 20
- Page 77 and 78: RIVM report 650270002 Page 77 of 20
- Page 79 and 80: RIVM report 650270002 Page 79 of 20
- Page 81 and 82: RIVM report 650270002 Page 81 of 20
- Page 83 and 84: RIVM report 650270002 Page 83 of 20
- Page 85 and 86: RIVM report 650270002 Page 85 of 20
- Page 87 and 88: RIVM report 650270002 Page 87 of 20
- Page 89 and 90: RIVM report 650270002 Page 89 of 20
- Page 91: RIVM report 650270002 Page 91 of 20
- Page 95 and 96: RIVM report 650270002 Page 95 of 20
- Page 97 and 98: RIVM report 650270002 Page 97 of 20
- Page 99 and 100: RIVM report 650270002 Page 99 of 20
- Page 101 and 102: RIVM report 650270002 Page 101 of 2
- Page 103 and 104: RIVM report 650270002 Page 103 of 2
- Page 105 and 106: RIVM report 650270002 Page 105 of 2
- Page 107 and 108: RIVM report 650270002 Page 107 of 2
- Page 109 and 110: RIVM report 650270002 Page 109 of 2
- Page 111 and 112: RIVM report 650270002 Page 111 of 2
- Page 113 and 114: RIVM report 650270002 Page 113 of 2
- Page 115 and 116: RIVM report 650270002 Page 115 of 2
- Page 117 and 118: RIVM report 650270002 Page 117 of 2
- Page 119 and 120: RIVM report 650270002 Page 119 of 2
- Page 121 and 122: RIVM report 650270002 Page 121 of 2
- Page 123 and 124: RIVM report 650270002 Page 123 of 2
- Page 125 and 126: Page 125 of 207 RIVM report 6502700
- Page 127 and 128: RIVM report 650270002 Page 127 of 2
- Page 129 and 130: RIVM report 650270002 Page 129 of 2
- Page 131 and 132: RIVM report 650270002 Page 131 of 2
- Page 133 and 134: RIVM report 650270002 Page 133 of 2
- Page 135 and 136: RIVM report 650270002 Page 135 of 2
- Page 137 and 138: RIVM report 650270002 Page 137 of 2
- Page 139 and 140: RIVM report 650270002 Page 139 of 2
- Page 141 and 142: RIVM report 650270002 Page 141 of 2
RIVM report 650270002 Page 93 <strong>of</strong> 207<br />
Tryp<strong>to</strong>phan<br />
relative density: E 1.3 (3)<br />
log P octanol/water: No data available<br />
octanol water partition coefficient, log KOW: No data available<br />
conversion fac<strong>to</strong>r: No data available<br />
Critical assessment<br />
Tryp<strong>to</strong>phan is in the first place an amino acid. Its three characteristic structural<br />
features are: the heterocyclic indol part, linked <strong>to</strong> the short aliphatic chain with the<br />
amino group and the carboxy group. <strong>The</strong> carboxy group supplies polarity <strong>to</strong> the<br />
compound. <strong>The</strong> amino acid feature means that it is a potential component <strong>of</strong> proteins.<br />
<strong>The</strong> available free amino group is a potential group <strong>to</strong> react with aldehydes and<br />
ke<strong>to</strong>nes.<br />
Conclusion<br />
Tryp<strong>to</strong>phan is a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound, linked <strong>to</strong> a short<br />
aliphatic chain with a free amino-group and a free carboxy-group. <strong>The</strong> compound<br />
belongs <strong>to</strong> the group <strong>of</strong> amino acids, the basic components for proteins.<br />
FUNCTION IN TOBACCO<br />
No data available.<br />
AMOUNT IN TOBACCO PRODUCTS<br />
No data are available on the amount <strong>of</strong> natural occurring tryp<strong>to</strong>phan in <strong>to</strong>bacco.<br />
A source <strong>of</strong> tryp<strong>to</strong>phan in <strong>cigarette</strong>s is <strong>cocoa</strong> powder. A typical casing concentration<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>cocoa</strong> powder for <strong>cigarette</strong> <strong>to</strong>bacco is 1% (6).<br />
<strong>The</strong> average amount <strong>of</strong> tryp<strong>to</strong>phan in <strong>cocoa</strong> powder is 3 mg/g (7).<br />
Assuming one <strong>cigarette</strong> weights approximately 1 g, the tryp<strong>to</strong>phan amount from<br />
<strong>cocoa</strong> powder in one <strong>cigarette</strong> is estimated <strong>to</strong> be ± 30 µg.<br />
AMOUNT IN SMOKE<br />
main stream: No data available<br />
side stream: No data avaialable<br />
SOURCE<br />
(<strong>to</strong>bacco, combustion product or other)<br />
Tryp<strong>to</strong>phan is an endogenous compound <strong>of</strong> <strong>to</strong>bacco and is also added exogenously as<br />
<strong>cocoa</strong> powder (8, 9).<br />
ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS AND HUMAN EXPOSURE<br />
Tryp<strong>to</strong>phan amount per 100 g is in milk 42 mg, in eggs 165 mg, wheat flour 110 mg,<br />
sausage 93 mg, pota<strong>to</strong> 28 mg, cheese (Edam) 325 mg and beef 230 mg. It is estimated<br />
that the daily Finnish intake is 900mg/day per person, which exceeds the required<br />
amount <strong>of</strong> 250 mg/day (10).<br />
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS<br />
By combustion generation <strong>of</strong> <strong>to</strong>xic/corrosive damps/gases: nitrous gasses and carbon<br />
monoxide and dioxide (3). Pyrolysis <strong>of</strong> tryp<strong>to</strong>phan results in carcinogenic products<br />
such as 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido(4,3-b)indole (Trp-P-1) and 3-amino-1-
Change language