The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction

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Page 62 of 207 RIVM report 650270002 Serotonin elevated plasma serotonin level; it evokes several vascular pathologies e.g. in the diabetic population. It is also involved in several CNS effects. There are no data available on the carcinogenicity effect of serotonin. Serotonin displays some reproduction toxicity effects through its neuroendocrine effect. Serotonin can form radicals by oxidation. Several compounds affect the metabolic pathway of serotonin. Several agents interact with the large serotonin receptor family and affect thereby the local or systemic serotonin level and cause typical serotonin clinical effects. No data were available on respiratory interaction effects via inhalation. The serotoninergic system in the brain is affected by tobacco smoking and this system plays a role in the tobacco dependency and smoking cessation. From literature on chocolate craving, it seems that exogenous serotonin does not contribute to chocolate craving quality. It can be concluded that serotonin exerts various pharmacological and toxicological effects in the body through the large serotonin receptor family. There are no data available on the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and toxicology of exogenous serotonin after oral and inhalation exposure. Assuming similar systemic effects after oral and inhalation exposure, the additional risk for systemic effects of serotonin by cigarette smoking (estimated to be 15 µg/day) will be low compared with the oral intake via chocolate, cocoa drinks and banana (estimated 19 – 15000 µg/day). Due to its negligible effect on the bronchi in normal human subjects, it is unlikely that the cigarette serotonin dose will exert any bronchoconstrictory effect. Considering the large endogenous serotonin pool (estimated 10 mg), it seems unlikely that the low serotonin dose from cigarette smoke (estimated 15 µg/day) will affect the serotonin level in the body. Since no data on the local toxicological effects of serotonin exposure through inhalation are available, the shortterm and longterm effects of exposure to serotonin through smoking on the respiratory system cannot be established. Furthermore, its additive effects on other biogenic amines present in cigarette smoke are also not known and have to be studied. More studies are needed on: - the determination of pyrolysis and combustion products of serotonin in cigarette smoke; - the local (respiratory system) effects of long-term use of serotonin alone and in combination with other biogenic amines via inhalation. Date this sheet was generated Based on literature available in July 2001. REFERENCES (1) Chemfinder website: http://chemfinder.cambridgesoft.com/ chemfinder . 2001.
RIVM report 650270002 Page 63 of 207 Serotonin (2) The Merck Index. Electronic version 12:1, 1996. Chapman & Hall EPD. (3) Heinemann G, Schievelbein H, Eberhagen D, Rahlfs V. Der Einfluss von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phaochromozytom, Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom. [The influence of different diets and smoking on the clinical chemical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, and carcinoid syndrome (author's transl)]. Klin Wochenschr, 1981; 59(20):1165-1173. (4) Herraiz T. Tetrahydro-.beta.-carbolines, Potential Neuroactive Alkaloids, in Chocolate and Cocoa. J Agric Food Chem, 2000; 48 (10):4900-4904. (5) H.J.Smit and P.J.Rogers. Potentially psychoactive constituents of cocoacontaining products. In: Hetherington, editor. Food Addictions and Craving. Surrey: Leatherhead Food RA Publishing, 2001. (6) Goodman and Gilman. 8 ed. Newyork, Pergamon Press, 1990. (7) Bohuon. Clinical Biochemistry: principles and methods. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co., 1974. (8) Alvarez JC, Gluck N, Fallet A, Gregoire A, Chevalier JF, Advenier C et al. Plasma serotonin level after 1 day of fluoxetine treatment: a biological predictor for antidepressant response? Psychopharmacology Berl, 1999; 143 , (1):97-101. (9) Jernej B, Banovic M, Cicin SL, Hranilovic D, Balija M, Oreskovic D et al. Physiological characteristics of platelet/circulatory serotonin: study on a large human population. Psychiatry research, 2000; 94(2):153-162. (10) Racke K, Schworer H, Simson G. Effects of cigarette smoking or ingestion of nicotine on platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels in smokers and nonsmokers. Clin Investig, 1992; 70(3-4):201-204. (11) Helander A, Some M. Dietary serotonin and alcohol combined may provoke adverse physiological symptoms due to 5-hydroxytryptophol. Life Sciences, 2000; 67(7):799-806. (12) Dupont LJ, Pype JL, Demedts MG, De Leyn P, Deneffe G, Verleden GM. The effects of 5-HT on cholinergic contraction in human airways in vitro. European Respiratory Journal, 1999; 14(3):642-649. (13) Serotonin. I.Glenn Sipes Camajg, editor. Comprehensive Toxicology. 2001. Pergamon, an imprint of Elsevier Science, Electronic version. (14) ElKashef H. Hyperglycemia increased the responsiveness of isolated rabbit's pulmonary arterial rings to serotonin. Pharmacology, 1996; 53(3):151-159. (15) Aizawa H, Takata S, Inoue H, Matsumoto K, Koto H, Hara N. Role of nitric oxide released from iNANC neurons in airway responsiveness in cats. European Respiratory Journal, 1999; 13(4):775-780.
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