The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction

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Page 48 of 207 RIVM report 650270002 Serotonin Stability: Hydrochloride serotonin, C10H12N2O.HCl is a hygroscopic crystal and is sensitive to light (2). vapour pressure/ vapour tension (20 °C): no data available vapour pressure (50 °C): no data available relative density: no data available octanol water partition coefficient, logP, log KOW: log P = 0.21 (1). conversion factor: not relevant Critical assessment Serotonin contains the characteristic heterocyclic indole structure, accounting for the aromatic properties (electrophilic substitution). In addition the chemical; the presence of the ring bound hydroxyl group accounts for its polar character. An additional characterising chemical feature is the presence of the aliphatic amino-group. Conclusion Serotonin is a polar, Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound, containing an aliphatic amino-group. FUNCTION IN TOBACCO No data available. AMOUNT IN TOBACCO PRODUCTS A typical casing concentration of cocoa powder for cigarette tobacco is 1% (3). The average amount of serotonin in cocoa powder varies from 1.25 µg/g to 60 µg/g (4, 5). Assuming one cigarette weights approximately 1 g, the maximum serotonin amount from cocoa powder in one cigarette is estimated to be ± 0.6 µg. AMOUNT IN SMOKE main stream no data available side stream no data available SOURCE (tobacco, combustion product or other) A source of serotonin is cocoa powder, which is added to tobacco products as a flavour enhancer (3, 4). ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS AND HUMAN EXPOSURE Serotonin is widely distributed in animals and plants. It occurs in vertebrates; in tunicates, mollusks, arthropods and coelenterates; and in fruits and nuts. Numerous synthetic or naturally congeners of serotonin have varying degrees of peripheral and central pharmacological activity. N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and its 5-hydroxy derivative (bufotenine) are active principles of the cahobe bean found along the offshores of the Carribean. Both of these compounds can be formed in the mammal by N-methylation of tryptamine and serotonin, respectively. LSD and several active ingredients of hallucinogenic mushrooms are 4-substituted tryptamine (6).
RIVM report 650270002 Page 49 of 207 Serotonin Serotonin amount in banana is 50-150 µg/g, tomatoes is 12 µg/g, prunes (red) is 10 µg/g, avocado is 10 µg/g, walnuts is 170 – 340 µg/g (3). COMBUSTION PRODUCTS No data available CONSENSUS REPORTS No data available STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ADI: No data available TWANL = MAC: No data available TWAD =MAK: No data available TWAUSA: No data available STELNL: No data available STELUSA: No data available LTEL: No data available TLV-C: No data available TLV-CARCINOGENICITY: No data available MAK-REPRODUCTION: No data available Others: Reference value: The normal level of serotonin in the whole blood of a fasting subject depends on the analytical technique used. Serotonin level in whole blood measured in highly acid media gives values of 100 to 300 µg/l. Measurements at pH 4 give levels of 200 to 500 µg/l (7). The basal mean values of plasma serotonin and serum serotonin were 0.79 +/- 0.44 µg/l and 92.2 +/- 46.3 µg/l, respectively (8). Results demonstrated unimodal distribution of individual frequencies of platelet/circulatory serotonin in the human population with mean values of 0.579 +/- 0.169 µg serotonin/10 9 platelets; 332 +/- 90 µg serotonin/g protein and 130 +/- 42.3 µg serotonin/l blood (mean +/- standard deviation). The serotonin level shows a progressive decrease with age (18-65 years), reaching statistical significance between the extreme age groups. There are no significant differences in the serotonin level between the sexes. The platelet/circulatory serotonin is not affected by seasonal oscillation (9). Platelet serotonin level of smokers (128 ± 27.5 µg per 10 9 platelets (mean ± standard error on the mean (SEM), n = 11)) were significantly higher than those of nonsmokers (62.2 ± 27.5 µg per 10 9 platelets (mean ± SEM, n = 11)) (10). CLASS EG Carc. Cat.: No data available IARC-category: No data available CEC: No data available Critical assessment Comparison of smoking related daily intake of serotonin (µg) with daily intake from other sources:
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