The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction
The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction
Page 48 of 207 RIVM report 650270002 Serotonin Stability: Hydrochloride serotonin, C10H12N2O.HCl is a hygroscopic crystal and is sensitive to light (2). vapour pressure/ vapour tension (20 °C): no data available vapour pressure (50 °C): no data available relative density: no data available octanol water partition coefficient, logP, log KOW: log P = 0.21 (1). conversion factor: not relevant Critical assessment Serotonin contains the characteristic heterocyclic indole structure, accounting for the aromatic properties (electrophilic substitution). In addition the chemical; the presence of the ring bound hydroxyl group accounts for its polar character. An additional characterising chemical feature is the presence of the aliphatic amino-group. Conclusion Serotonin is a polar, Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound, containing an aliphatic amino-group. FUNCTION IN TOBACCO No data available. AMOUNT IN TOBACCO PRODUCTS A typical casing concentration of cocoa powder for cigarette tobacco is 1% (3). The average amount of serotonin in cocoa powder varies from 1.25 µg/g to 60 µg/g (4, 5). Assuming one cigarette weights approximately 1 g, the maximum serotonin amount from cocoa powder in one cigarette is estimated to be ± 0.6 µg. AMOUNT IN SMOKE main stream no data available side stream no data available SOURCE (tobacco, combustion product or other) A source of serotonin is cocoa powder, which is added to tobacco products as a flavour enhancer (3, 4). ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS AND HUMAN EXPOSURE Serotonin is widely distributed in animals and plants. It occurs in vertebrates; in tunicates, mollusks, arthropods and coelenterates; and in fruits and nuts. Numerous synthetic or naturally congeners of serotonin have varying degrees of peripheral and central pharmacological activity. N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and its 5-hydroxy derivative (bufotenine) are active principles of the cahobe bean found along the offshores of the Carribean. Both of these compounds can be formed in the mammal by N-methylation of tryptamine and serotonin, respectively. LSD and several active ingredients of hallucinogenic mushrooms are 4-substituted tryptamine (6).
RIVM report 650270002 Page 49 of 207 Serotonin Serotonin amount in banana is 50-150 µg/g, tomatoes is 12 µg/g, prunes (red) is 10 µg/g, avocado is 10 µg/g, walnuts is 170 – 340 µg/g (3). COMBUSTION PRODUCTS No data available CONSENSUS REPORTS No data available STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ADI: No data available TWANL = MAC: No data available TWAD =MAK: No data available TWAUSA: No data available STELNL: No data available STELUSA: No data available LTEL: No data available TLV-C: No data available TLV-CARCINOGENICITY: No data available MAK-REPRODUCTION: No data available Others: Reference value: The normal level of serotonin in the whole blood of a fasting subject depends on the analytical technique used. Serotonin level in whole blood measured in highly acid media gives values of 100 to 300 µg/l. Measurements at pH 4 give levels of 200 to 500 µg/l (7). The basal mean values of plasma serotonin and serum serotonin were 0.79 +/- 0.44 µg/l and 92.2 +/- 46.3 µg/l, respectively (8). Results demonstrated unimodal distribution of individual frequencies of platelet/circulatory serotonin in the human population with mean values of 0.579 +/- 0.169 µg serotonin/10 9 platelets; 332 +/- 90 µg serotonin/g protein and 130 +/- 42.3 µg serotonin/l blood (mean +/- standard deviation). The serotonin level shows a progressive decrease with age (18-65 years), reaching statistical significance between the extreme age groups. There are no significant differences in the serotonin level between the sexes. The platelet/circulatory serotonin is not affected by seasonal oscillation (9). Platelet serotonin level of smokers (128 ± 27.5 µg per 10 9 platelets (mean ± standard error on the mean (SEM), n = 11)) were significantly higher than those of nonsmokers (62.2 ± 27.5 µg per 10 9 platelets (mean ± SEM, n = 11)) (10). CLASS EG Carc. Cat.: No data available IARC-category: No data available CEC: No data available Critical assessment Comparison of smoking related daily intake of serotonin (µg) with daily intake from other sources:
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Page 48 <strong>of</strong> 207 RIVM report 650270002<br />
Sero<strong>to</strong>nin<br />
Stability: Hydrochloride sero<strong>to</strong>nin, C10H12N2O.HCl is a hygroscopic crystal and is<br />
sensitive <strong>to</strong> light (2).<br />
vapour pressure/ vapour tension (20 °C): no data available<br />
vapour pressure (50 °C): no data available<br />
relative density: no data available<br />
octanol water partition coefficient, logP, log KOW: log P = 0.21 (1).<br />
conversion fac<strong>to</strong>r: not relevant<br />
Critical assessment<br />
Sero<strong>to</strong>nin contains the characteristic heterocyclic indole structure, accounting for the<br />
aromatic properties (electrophilic substitution). In addition the chemical; the presence<br />
<strong>of</strong> the ring bound hydroxyl group accounts for its polar character. An additional<br />
characterising chemical feature is the presence <strong>of</strong> the aliphatic amino-group.<br />
Conclusion<br />
Sero<strong>to</strong>nin is a polar, Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound, containing an<br />
aliphatic amino-group.<br />
FUNCTION IN TOBACCO<br />
No data available.<br />
AMOUNT IN TOBACCO PRODUCTS<br />
A typical casing concentration <strong>of</strong> <strong>cocoa</strong> powder for <strong>cigarette</strong> <strong>to</strong>bacco is 1% (3).<br />
<strong>The</strong> average amount <strong>of</strong> sero<strong>to</strong>nin in <strong>cocoa</strong> powder varies from 1.25 µg/g <strong>to</strong> 60 µg/g<br />
(4, 5).<br />
Assuming one <strong>cigarette</strong> weights approximately 1 g, the maximum sero<strong>to</strong>nin amount<br />
from <strong>cocoa</strong> powder in one <strong>cigarette</strong> is estimated <strong>to</strong> be ± 0.6 µg.<br />
AMOUNT IN SMOKE<br />
main stream no data available<br />
side stream no data available<br />
SOURCE<br />
(<strong>to</strong>bacco, combustion product or other)<br />
A source <strong>of</strong> sero<strong>to</strong>nin is <strong>cocoa</strong> powder, which is added <strong>to</strong> <strong>to</strong>bacco products as a<br />
flavour enhancer (3, 4).<br />
ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS AND HUMAN EXPOSURE<br />
Sero<strong>to</strong>nin is widely distributed in animals and plants. It occurs in vertebrates; in<br />
tunicates, mollusks, arthropods and coelenterates; and in fruits and nuts. Numerous<br />
synthetic or naturally congeners <strong>of</strong> sero<strong>to</strong>nin have varying degrees <strong>of</strong> peripheral and<br />
central pharmacological activity. N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and its 5-hydroxy<br />
derivative (bufotenine) are active principles <strong>of</strong> the cahobe bean found along the<br />
<strong>of</strong>fshores <strong>of</strong> the Carribean. Both <strong>of</strong> these compounds can be formed in the mammal<br />
by N-methylation <strong>of</strong> tryptamine and sero<strong>to</strong>nin, respectively. LSD and several active<br />
ingredients <strong>of</strong> hallucinogenic mushrooms are 4-substituted tryptamine (6).
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