The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction

RIVM report 650270002 Page 3 of 207
Contents
SAMENVATTING ...............................................................................................................................................4
SUMMARY...........................................................................................................................................................5
1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................6
1.1. REFERENCES................................................................................................................................................7
2. METHOD ....................................................................................................................................................8
2.1 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................................8
3. RESULTS ....................................................................................................................................................9
3.1 THEOBROMINE ..........................................................................................................................................9
3.2 CAFFEINE................................................................................................................................................ 26
3.3 SEROTONIN ............................................................................................................................................. 47
3.4 HISTAMINE.............................................................................................................................................. 68
3.5 TRYPTOPHAN .......................................................................................................................................... 92
3.6 TRYPTAMINE......................................................................................................................................... 108
3.7 TYRAMINE ............................................................................................................................................ 125
3.8 PHENYLETHYLAMINE............................................................................................................................ 142
3.9 OCTOPAMINE ........................................................................................................................................ 160
3.10 ANANDAMIDE .................................................................................................................................. 176
4. GENERAL OVERVIEW AND DISCUSSION..................................................................................... 195
4.1 EXPOSURE LEVELS ................................................................................................................................ 195
4.2 EFFECTS................................................................................................................................................ 196
4.2.1 Theobromine............................................................................................................................... 196
4.2.2 Caffeine....................................................................................................................................... 196
4.2.3 Serotonin..................................................................................................................................... 197
4.2.4 Histamine.................................................................................................................................... 197
4.2.5 Tryptophan.................................................................................................................................. 197
4.2.6 Phenylethylamine........................................................................................................................ 197
4.2.7 Tryptamine.................................................................................................................................. 198
4.2.8 Tyramine..................................................................................................................................... 198
4.2.9 Octopamine................................................................................................................................. 199
4.2.10 Anandamide ................................................................................................................................ 199
4.3 COMBINED EFFECTS .............................................................................................................................. 199
5. CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................. 201
5.1. REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................ 202
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................................... 203