The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction

The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction

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Page 24 of 207 RIVM report 650270002 Theobromine (22) Wilkinson JM, Pollard I. Accumulation of theophylline, theobromine and paraxanthine in the fetal rat brain following a single oral dose of caffeine. Brain research Developmental brain research, 1993; 75(2): 193-199. (23) Shi D, Daly JW. Chronic effects of xanthines on levels of central receptors in mice. Cellular and molecular neurobiology, 1999; 19(6): 719-732. (24) Slattery ML, West DW. Smoking, alcohol, coffee, tea, caffeine, and theobromine: risk of prostate cancer in Utah (United States). Cancer causes and control, 1993; 4(6): 559-563. (25) Wang Y, Waller DP. Theobromine toxicity on Sertoli cells and comparison with cocoa extract in male rats. Toxicology letters, 1994; 70(2): 155-164. (26) Wang Y, Waller DP, Hikim AP, Russell LD. Reproductive toxicity of theobromine and cocoa extract in male rats. Reproductive toxicology, 1992; 6(4): 347-353. (27) Martinez L, Gutierrez P, Hernandez A, Martinez PJ, Thomas J. Interactions between lignocaine and caffeine, theophylline and theobromine. An. R. Acad. Farm., 1986; 52(3): 505 - 515. (28) Miners Jo, Attwood J, Wing L-MH, Birkett DJ. Influence of cimetidine, sulfinpyrazone, and cigarette smoking on theobromine metabolism in man. Drug Metabolism And Disposition, 1985; 13(5): 598 - 601. (29) Gale GR, Smith AB. Interaction of caffeine with acetaminophen in mice: schedule dependency of the antagonism by caffeine of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity and the effects of caffeine metabolites, allopurinol, and diethyl ether. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol, 1988; 59(3): 305-320. (30) Vallerand AL, Wang LC, Jacobs I. Influence of Theobromine on Heat Production and Body Temperatures in Cold-Exposed Humans: A Preliminary Report. Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA &I ), 1990; Issue 10: NTIS/AD-A217 203/9. (31) Schiffman SS, Gill JM, Diaz C. Methyl xanthines enhance taste: evidence for modulation of taste by adenosine receptor. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 1985; 22 (2): 195-203. (32) Liu DK, Owens GF. Methylxanthine treatment of rats reduces 2,5oligoadenylate synthesis in liver nuclei. J Toxicol Environ Health, 1987; 20(4): 379-386. (33) Coulson R, Scheinman SJ. Xanthine effects on renal proximal tubular function and cyclic AMP metabolism. J Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1989; 248 (2): 589-595. (34) McPhee MD, Whiting SJ. The effect of adenosine and adenosine analogs on methylxanthine-induced hypercalciuria in the rat. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 1989; 67 (10): 1278-1282.

RIVM report 650270002 Page 25 of 207 Theobromine (35) Djokanovic N, Jovanovic MD, Samardzic R, Stajic ZS, Beleslin DB. Behavioral interactions of ethanol with methylxanthines and dipyridamole. Iugosl. Physiol. Pharmacol. Acta, 1995; 31 (1): 131-136. (36) Sadzuka Y, Iwazaki A, Hirota S. [Effects of methylxanthine derivatives on antitumor activity and toxic side effect of adriamycin induced by inhibition of DNA biosynthesis]. Yakugaku Zasshi, 1998; 118(5): 179-187. (37) Gibson EL, Desmond E. Chocolate craving and hunger state: implications for the acquisition and expression of appetite and food choice. Appetite, 1999; 32(2): 219-240. (38) Skopinska RE, Sommer E, Demkow U, Chorostowska WJ, Balan B, Rozycka B et al. Screening of angiogenesis inhibitors by modified tumor-induced angiogenesis (TIA) test in lung cancer. Roczniki Akademii Medycznej w Bialymstoku 1997; 42 (Suppl 1): 287-296. (39) Skopinska RE, Janik P, Przybyszewska M, Sommer E, Bialas CB. Inhibitory effect of theobromine on induction of angiogenesis and VEGF mRNA expression in v-raf transfectants of human urothelial cells HCV-29. International journal of molecular medicine, 1998; 2(6): 649-652. (40) Barcz E, Sommer E, Sokolnicka I, Gawrychowski K, Roszkowska PK, Janik P et al. The influence of theobromine on angiogenic activity and proangiogenic cytokines production of human ovarian cancer cells. Oncology reports 1998; 5(2): 517-520.

Page 24 <strong>of</strong> 207 RIVM report 650270002<br />

<strong>The</strong>obromine<br />

(22) Wilkinson JM, Pollard I. Accumulation <strong>of</strong> theophylline, theobromine and<br />

paraxanthine in the fetal rat brain following a single oral dose <strong>of</strong> caffeine.<br />

Brain research Developmental brain research, 1993; 75(2): 193-199.<br />

(23) Shi D, Daly JW. Chronic effects <strong>of</strong> xanthines on levels <strong>of</strong> central recep<strong>to</strong>rs in<br />

mice. Cellular and molecular neurobiology, 1999; 19(6): 719-732.<br />

(24) Slattery ML, West DW. Smoking, alcohol, c<strong>of</strong>fee, tea, caffeine, and<br />

theobromine: risk <strong>of</strong> prostate cancer in Utah (United States). Cancer causes<br />

and control, 1993; 4(6): 559-563.<br />

(25) Wang Y, Waller DP. <strong>The</strong>obromine <strong>to</strong>xicity on Ser<strong>to</strong>li cells and comparison<br />

with <strong>cocoa</strong> extract in male rats. Toxicology letters, 1994; 70(2): 155-164.<br />

(26) Wang Y, Waller DP, Hikim AP, Russell LD. Reproductive <strong>to</strong>xicity <strong>of</strong><br />

theobromine and <strong>cocoa</strong> extract in male rats. Reproductive <strong>to</strong>xicology, 1992;<br />

6(4): 347-353.<br />

(27) Martinez L, Gutierrez P, Hernandez A, Martinez PJ, Thomas J. Interactions<br />

between lignocaine and caffeine, theophylline and theobromine. An. R. Acad.<br />

Farm., 1986; 52(3): 505 - 515.<br />

(28) Miners Jo, Attwood J, Wing L-MH, Birkett DJ. Influence <strong>of</strong> cimetidine,<br />

sulfinpyrazone, and <strong>cigarette</strong> <strong>smoking</strong> on theobromine metabolism in man.<br />

Drug Metabolism And Disposition, 1985; 13(5): 598 - 601.<br />

(29) Gale GR, Smith AB. Interaction <strong>of</strong> caffeine with acetaminophen in mice:<br />

schedule dependency <strong>of</strong> the antagonism by caffeine <strong>of</strong> acetaminophen<br />

hepa<strong>to</strong><strong>to</strong>xicity and the effects <strong>of</strong> caffeine metabolites, allopurinol, and diethyl<br />

ether. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol, 1988; 59(3): 305-320.<br />

(30) Vallerand AL, Wang LC, Jacobs I. Influence <strong>of</strong> <strong>The</strong>obromine on Heat<br />

Production and Body Temperatures in Cold-Exposed Humans: A Preliminary<br />

Report. Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA &I ), 1990; Issue 10:<br />

NTIS/AD-A217 203/9.<br />

(31) Schiffman SS, Gill JM, Diaz C. Methyl xanthines enhance taste: evidence for<br />

modulation <strong>of</strong> taste by adenosine recep<strong>to</strong>r. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 1985;<br />

22 (2): 195-203.<br />

(32) Liu DK, Owens GF. Methylxanthine treatment <strong>of</strong> rats reduces 2,5oligoadenylate<br />

synthesis in liver nuclei. J Toxicol Environ Health, 1987;<br />

20(4): 379-386.<br />

(33) Coulson R, Scheinman SJ. Xanthine effects on renal proximal tubular<br />

function and cyclic AMP metabolism. J Pharmacol. Exp. <strong>The</strong>r., 1989; 248 (2):<br />

589-595.<br />

(34) McPhee MD, Whiting SJ. <strong>The</strong> effect <strong>of</strong> adenosine and adenosine analogs on<br />

methylxanthine-induced hypercalciuria in the rat. Canadian Journal <strong>of</strong><br />

Physiology and Pharmacology, 1989; 67 (10): 1278-1282.

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