The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction

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Page 202 of 207 RIVM report 650270002 5.1. References (1) Roemer E, Hackenberg U. Mouse skin bioassay of smoke condensates from cigarettes containing different levels of cocoa. Food Addit Contam, 1990; 7(4): 563-569. (2) Fowles J. Chemical Factors Influencing the Addictiveness and Attractiveness of Cigarettes in New Zealand. 1-3-2001. (3) Mumford GK, Evans SM, Kaminski BJ, Preston KL, Sannerud CA, Silverman K, Griffiths RR. Discriminative stimulus and subjective effects of theobromine and caffeine in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 1994; 115(1-2): 1-8. (4) Max B. This and that: chocolate addiction, the dual pharmacogenetics of asparagus eaters, and the arithmetic of freedom. Trends Pharmacol Sci, 1989; 10(10): 390-393. (5) Gibson EL, Desmond E. Chocolate craving and hunger state: implications for the acquisition and expression of appetite and food choice. Appetite, 1999; 32(2): 219-240. (6) Rogers PJ, Smit HJ. Food craving and food "addiction": a critical review of the evidence from a biopsychosocial perspective. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 2000; 66: 3-14. (7) Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Pappas N, Logan J, Shea C, Alexoff D, Macgregor RR, Schlyer DJ, Zezulkova I, Wolf AP. Brain monoamine oxidase A inhibition in cigarette smokers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1996; 93: 14065-14069. (8) Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Pappas N, Logan J, Macgregor R, Alexoff D, Shea C, Schlyer D, et a. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase B in the brains of smokers. Nature (London), 1996; 379: 733-736. (9) Glassman AH, Helzer JE, Covey LS, Cottler LB, Stetner F, Tipp JE, Johnson J. Smoking, smoking cessation, and major depression. Jama (Journal of the American Medical Association), 1990; 264: 1546-1549. (10) Di Marzo, V, Sepe N, De Petrocellis L, Berger A, Crozier G, Fride E, Mechoulam R. Trick or treat from food endocannabinoids? Nature, 1998; 396: 636-637.
RIVM report 650270002 Page 203 of 207 List of abbreviations CAS registry no.: Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number is a numeric designation assigned by the American Chemical Societys Chemical Abstracts Service and uniquely identifies a specific chemical compound. This entry allows one to conclusively identify a material regardless of the name or naming system used. R: Risk phrases: Warnings on the label about the harmful propertie(s) of the substance. S: Safety phrases: Directions on the label about the necessary safety precautions to handle the substance. See appendix 1. PA: proton affinity in the gas phase, kcal/mol FP: Flash point in °C, which is the minimum temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is sufficient to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid. FL Limits: Flammable limits (often called explosive limits) in %, which specify the range of concentration of the vapor in air (in percent by volume) for which a flame can propagate. Below the lower flammable limit, the gas mixture is too lean to burn; above the upper flammable limit, the mixture is too rich. Values refer to ambient temperature and pressure and are dependent on the precise test conditions. IT: Ignition temperature (sometimes called autoignition temperature) in °C, which is the minimum remperature required for self-sustained combustion in the absence of an external ignition source. ADI: Acceptable Daily Intake. TWA: Time Weighed Average. MAC: Maximum Acceptable Concentration. STEL: Short-term exposure limit for airborne contaminants, which should not be exceeded for more than 15 min. A ‘C’ following a value indicates a ceiling limit which should not be exceeded even for very brief periods because of acute toxic effects of the substance. LTEL: Long-Term Exposure Limit (8 hours exposure). Exposure limit: maximum concentration of a chemical agent as time-weighed average of a reference period (8 h/day; 40 h/week) above which no employee may be exposed. TLV-C: Treshold Limit Value. MAK-reproduction: Classification of substances on foetal harm according to the German MAK-Werte-Liste. A = The substance is clearly able to cause foetal harm. B = Possible risk on foetal harm. C = In compliance with MAK-value, risk of foetal harm is not to be feared. D = Foetal toxicity stil unclear. Based on the available information, classification in group A-C is not possible (yet). IARC-category: Group 1: The agent is carcinogenic to humans. Group 2A: The agent is probably carcinogenic to humans. Group 2B: The agent is possibly carcinogenic to humans. Group 3: The agent is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. Group 4: The agent is probably not carcinogenic to humans. CEC: C = corrosive E = explosive F = highly flammable F+ = extremely flammable
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