The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction

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Page 200 of 207 RIVM report 650270002 those compounds. It is not clear, whether the level of the naturally occurring psychoactive compounds in tobacco is high enough to play a role in the addiction to cigarette smoking. The psychoactive compounds may affect the bioavailability of nicotine by acting on the respiratory system or increasing the permeability through the lung epithelium or increasing the smoke pH. Several compounds affect the airway resistance in various ways and may have different effects on the nicotine absorption. For example, theobromine and caffeine have similar chemical structures (methylxanthines) and have bronchodilatory effects. Other compounds, such as histamine, have a bronchoconstrictory effect. The evidence in this report indicates that the level of the psychoactive compounds in cigarettes originating from cocoa is too low to exert a net bronchoactive effect. The local effects of the compounds on the lung epithelium are unknown and therefore can not be evaluated. Furthermore, the effect of these compounds on the smoke pH is also unknown. Because most of the compounds have base properties due to the presence of a primary amine group, those compounds may increase the pH of smoke (tar). However, the level of these compounds in tar is probably negligible compared to the other pH controlling compounds (ammonia) in tar and therefore it is assumed that these compounds will not affect the smoke pH. An interesting feature is the MAO-I properties of the combustion products of some compounds. The MAO-I properties of the combustion products may attribute to the MAO-I quality of cigarette smoking and may explain a part of the addiction to cigarette smoking. The discussion in this report was based on short-term exposure to the psychoactive compounds. However, the long-term effect on the respiratory system of these compounds is unknown in combination with other compounds or with its combustion products.
RIVM report 650270002 Page 201 of 207 5. Conclusions and further considerations Based on the available evidence presented in this study, it can be concluded that the level of the psychoactive cocoa compounds in cigarettes is negligible to exert any local or systemic effects via cigarette smoking. However, the long-term local and systemic effects are not known of these compounds or their combustion products. The combustion products of some psychoactive compounds have MAO-I properties and those combustion products may contribute to the addiction to cigarette smoking. Although this study discussed the properties of the psychoactive compounds in relation to addiction to cigarette smoking extensively, some topics remained open. For example, the flavour properties of cocoa seem to be a more important parameter for the addiction to chocolate eating than the psychoactive compounds (4). Therefore, the flavour enhancing effect of cocoa in cigarettes may attribute to cigarette smoking addiction. Other topics on the addiction to cigarette smoking which need further investigation are the MAO-I properties of the combustion products, the combined effect of the psychoactive compounds on the nicotine bioavailability via cigarette smoking and the effect of long-term exposure to cocoa on cigarette smoking addiction.
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The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction

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