The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction
The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction
Page 2 of 207 RIVM report 650270002 Abstract In this report the effect of these compounds on the addiction to cigarette smoking was assessed, using currently available information in the literature on psychoactive compounds of cocoa. The investigated psychoactive cocoa compounds were theobromine, caffeine, serotonin, histamine, tryptophan, tryptamine, tyramine, phenylethylamine, octopamine and anandamide. The general conclusion is that the level of these compounds in added cocoa in cigarettes is not sufficient to increase the addiction to cigarette smoking.
RIVM report 650270002 Page 3 of 207 Contents SAMENVATTING ...............................................................................................................................................4 SUMMARY...........................................................................................................................................................5 1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................6 1.1. REFERENCES................................................................................................................................................7 2. METHOD ....................................................................................................................................................8 2.1 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................................8 3. RESULTS ....................................................................................................................................................9 3.1 THEOBROMINE ..........................................................................................................................................9 3.2 CAFFEINE................................................................................................................................................ 26 3.3 SEROTONIN ............................................................................................................................................. 47 3.4 HISTAMINE.............................................................................................................................................. 68 3.5 TRYPTOPHAN .......................................................................................................................................... 92 3.6 TRYPTAMINE......................................................................................................................................... 108 3.7 TYRAMINE ............................................................................................................................................ 125 3.8 PHENYLETHYLAMINE............................................................................................................................ 142 3.9 OCTOPAMINE ........................................................................................................................................ 160 3.10 ANANDAMIDE .................................................................................................................................. 176 4. GENERAL OVERVIEW AND DISCUSSION..................................................................................... 195 4.1 EXPOSURE LEVELS ................................................................................................................................ 195 4.2 EFFECTS................................................................................................................................................ 196 4.2.1 Theobromine............................................................................................................................... 196 4.2.2 Caffeine....................................................................................................................................... 196 4.2.3 Serotonin..................................................................................................................................... 197 4.2.4 Histamine.................................................................................................................................... 197 4.2.5 Tryptophan.................................................................................................................................. 197 4.2.6 Phenylethylamine........................................................................................................................ 197 4.2.7 Tryptamine.................................................................................................................................. 198 4.2.8 Tyramine..................................................................................................................................... 198 4.2.9 Octopamine................................................................................................................................. 199 4.2.10 Anandamide ................................................................................................................................ 199 4.3 COMBINED EFFECTS .............................................................................................................................. 199 5. CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................. 201 5.1. REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................ 202 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................................... 203
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Page 2 <strong>of</strong> 207 RIVM report 650270002<br />
Abstract<br />
In this report the effect <strong>of</strong> these compounds on the <strong>addiction</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>cigarette</strong> <strong>smoking</strong> was<br />
assessed, using currently available information in the literature on psychoactive compounds<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>cocoa</strong>. <strong>The</strong> investigated psychoactive <strong>cocoa</strong> compounds were theobromine, caffeine,<br />
sero<strong>to</strong>nin, histamine, tryp<strong>to</strong>phan, tryptamine, tyramine, phenylethylamine, oc<strong>to</strong>pamine and<br />
anandamide. <strong>The</strong> general conclusion is that the level <strong>of</strong> these compounds in added <strong>cocoa</strong> in<br />
<strong>cigarette</strong>s is not sufficient <strong>to</strong> increase the <strong>addiction</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>cigarette</strong> <strong>smoking</strong>.
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