The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction
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The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction

The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction

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Page 190 of 207 RIVM report 650270002 Anandamide dose in cigarettes (12.5 ng/25 cigarettes) compared with the animal TDlo, seems to indicate that the anandamide level in cigarettes is insufficient to exert any acute systemic toxicological effects. Because, no data are available on the inhalation toxicological effect of anandamide, the local pulmonary toxicological effect is unknown. There are no data available on the chemical interaction of anandamide. The anandamide level is affected either by inhibition of the anandamide degrading enzym or by inhibition of the anandamide transport through the cell membrane. The psychoactive cannabinoids have physical dependence properties, but there is inconclusive evidence that endogenous cannabinoids such as anandamide, have physical dependence properties. The anandamide level in cigarettes (12.5 ng/25 cigarettes) seems to be clearly insufficient to have any dependency properties, compared with the anandamide dose used to investigate the dependency properties of anandamide (10 – 100 mg/kg). The anandamide level in cigarettes seems to be insufficient to exert any systemic pharmacological and toxicological effects. Since no data are available on pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic and toxicological effects of anandamide exposure through inhalation, the shortterm and longterm effects of exposure to anandamide through smoking on the respiratory system cannot be established. More studies are needed on: - the determination of anandamide level in cigarette smoke - the determination of pyrolysis/combustion products of anandamide in cigarette smoke - the local (respiratory system) effects of long-term use of anandamide alone and its pyrolysis/combustion products via inhalation. Date this sheet was generated Based on literature available in June 2002. REFERENCES (1) The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS), 1-1-2001. Electronic version. (2) Sigma Aldrich Website: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com, 2002. (3) Devane WA, Hanus L, Breuer A, Pertwee RG, Stevenson LA, Griffin G, Gibson D, Mandelbaum A, Etinger A, Mechoulam R. Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor. Science, 1992; 258(5090):1946-1949. (4) Roemer E, Hackenberg U. Mouse skin bioassay of smoke condensates from cigarettes containing different levels of cocoa. Food Addit Contam, 1990;

RIVM report 650270002 Page 191 of 207 Anandamide 7(4):563-569. (5) diTomaso E, Beltramo M, Piomelli D. Brain cannabinoids in chocolate. Nature, 1996; 382(6593):677-678. (6) Di Marzo V, Sepe N, De Petrocellis L, Berger A, Crozier G, Fride E, Mechoulam R. Trick or treat from food endocannabinoids? Nature, 1998; 396(6712):636. (7) Maccarrone M, Attina M, Cartoni A, Bari M, Finazzi AA. Gas chromatographymass spectrometry analysis of endogenous cannabinoids in healthy and tumoral human brain and human cells in culture. Journal of Neurochemistry, 2001; 76(2):594-601. (8) Maccarrone M, Bisogno T, Valensise H, Lazzarin N, Fezza F, Manna C, Di M, V, Finazzi AA. Low fatty acid amide hydrolase and high anandamide levels are associated with failure to achieve an ongoing pregnancy after IVF and embryo transfer. Molecular Human Reproduction, 2002; 8(2):188-195. (9) Giuffrida A, de Fonseca FR, Piomelli D. Quantification of bioactive acylethanolamides in rat plasma by electrospray mass spectrometry. Analytical Biochemistry, 2000; 280(1):87-93. (10) Giuffrida A, Piomelli D. Isotope dilution GC/MS determination of anandamide and other fatty acylethanolamides in rat blood plasma. Febs Letters, 1998; 422(3):373-376. (11) Giuffrida A, Beltramo M, Piomelli D. Mechanisms of endocannabinoid inactivation: Biochemistry and pharmacology. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 2001; 298(1):7-14. (12) Griffin G, Tao Q, Abood ME. Cloning and pharmacological characterization of the rat CB2 cannabinoid receptor. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 2000; 292(3):886-894. (13) Ameri A. The effects of cannabinoids on the brain. Progress in Neurobiology, 1999; 58(4):315-348. (14) Howlett AC, Mukhopadhyay S. Cellular signal transduction by anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 2000; 108(1-2):53- 70. (15) Stengel PW, Rippy MK, Cockerham SL, Devane WA, Silbaugh SA. Pulmonary actions of anandamide, an endogenous cannabinoid receptor agonist, in guinea pigs. European Journal of Pharmacology, 1998; 355(1):57-66. (16) Calignano A, Katona I, Desarnaud F, Giuffrida A, La Rana G, Mackie K, Freund TF, Piomelli D. Bidirectional control of airway responsiveness by endogenous cannabinoids. Nature, 2000; 408(6808):96-101. (17) Smith PJW, McQueen DS. Anandamide induces cardiovascular and respiratory reflexes via vasosensory nerves in the anaesthetized rat. British Journal of

RIVM report 650270002 Page 191 <strong>of</strong> 207<br />

Anandamide<br />

7(4):563-569.<br />

(5) diTomaso E, Beltramo M, Piomelli D. Brain cannabinoids in chocolate. Nature,<br />

1996; 382(6593):677-678.<br />

(6) Di Marzo V, Sepe N, De Petrocellis L, Berger A, Crozier G, Fride E,<br />

Mechoulam R. Trick or treat from food endocannabinoids? Nature, 1998;<br />

396(6712):636.<br />

(7) Maccarrone M, Attina M, Car<strong>to</strong>ni A, Bari M, Finazzi AA. Gas chroma<strong>to</strong>graphymass<br />

spectrometry analysis <strong>of</strong> endogenous cannabinoids in healthy and tumoral<br />

human brain and human cells in culture. Journal <strong>of</strong> Neurochemistry, 2001;<br />

76(2):594-601.<br />

(8) Maccarrone M, Bisogno T, Valensise H, Lazzarin N, Fezza F, Manna C, Di M,<br />

V, Finazzi AA. Low fatty acid amide hydrolase and high anandamide levels are<br />

associated with failure <strong>to</strong> achieve an ongoing pregnancy after IVF and embryo<br />

transfer. Molecular Human Reproduction, 2002; 8(2):188-195.<br />

(9) Giuffrida A, de Fonseca FR, Piomelli D. Quantification <strong>of</strong> bioactive<br />

acylethanolamides in rat plasma by electrospray mass spectrometry. Analytical<br />

Biochemistry, 2000; 280(1):87-93.<br />

(10) Giuffrida A, Piomelli D. Iso<strong>to</strong>pe dilution GC/MS determination <strong>of</strong> anandamide<br />

and other fatty acylethanolamides in rat blood plasma. Febs Letters, 1998;<br />

422(3):373-376.<br />

(11) Giuffrida A, Beltramo M, Piomelli D. Mechanisms <strong>of</strong> endocannabinoid<br />

inactivation: Biochemistry and pharmacology. Journal <strong>of</strong> Pharmacology and<br />

Experimental <strong>The</strong>rapeutics, 2001; 298(1):7-14.<br />

(12) Griffin G, Tao Q, Abood ME. Cloning and pharmacological characterization <strong>of</strong><br />

the rat CB2 cannabinoid recep<strong>to</strong>r. Journal <strong>of</strong> Pharmacology and Experimental<br />

<strong>The</strong>rapeutics, 2000; 292(3):886-894.<br />

(13) Ameri A. <strong>The</strong> effects <strong>of</strong> cannabinoids on the brain. Progress in Neurobiology,<br />

1999; 58(4):315-348.<br />

(14) Howlett AC, Mukhopadhyay S. Cellular signal transduction by anandamide and<br />

2-arachidonoylglycerol. Chemistry and Physics <strong>of</strong> Lipids, 2000; 108(1-2):53-<br />

70.<br />

(15) Stengel PW, Rippy MK, Cockerham SL, Devane WA, Silbaugh SA. Pulmonary<br />

actions <strong>of</strong> anandamide, an endogenous cannabinoid recep<strong>to</strong>r agonist, in guinea<br />

pigs. European Journal <strong>of</strong> Pharmacology, 1998; 355(1):57-66.<br />

(16) Calignano A, Ka<strong>to</strong>na I, Desarnaud F, Giuffrida A, La Rana G, Mackie K,<br />

Freund TF, Piomelli D. Bidirectional control <strong>of</strong> airway responsiveness by<br />

endogenous cannabinoids. Nature, 2000; 408(6808):96-101.<br />

(17) Smith PJW, McQueen DS. Anandamide induces cardiovascular and respira<strong>to</strong>ry<br />

reflexes via vasosensory nerves in the anaesthetized rat. British Journal <strong>of</strong>

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