The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction
The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction
The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction
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Page 184 <strong>of</strong> 207 RIVM report 650270002<br />
Anandamide<br />
No data available.<br />
Animal<br />
No data available.<br />
Repeated dose <strong>to</strong>xicity<br />
Subacute<br />
Subacute treatment <strong>of</strong> rats with anandamide (20 mg/kg i.p. for 15 days) resulted in<br />
behavioral <strong>to</strong>lerance without any change in cannabinoid recep<strong>to</strong>r binding in the brain<br />
regions studied (striatum, cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum), suggesting that<br />
recep<strong>to</strong>r down-regulation was not involved in the development <strong>of</strong> anandamide<br />
behavioral <strong>to</strong>lerance (37).<br />
Semichronic<br />
No data available.<br />
Chronic<br />
No data available.<br />
Carcinogenicity<br />
Human<br />
No data available.<br />
Animal<br />
No data available.<br />
Reproduction <strong>to</strong>xicology<br />
Human<br />
<strong>The</strong> anandamide-degrading enzyme, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), had<br />
significantly lower activity (46 ± 17 versus 161 ± 74 pmol/min per mg protein) and<br />
protein content (0.10 ± 0.03 versus 0.23 ± 0.06 units) in lymphocytes <strong>of</strong> IVF-embryo<br />
transfer patients who failed <strong>to</strong> achieve an ongoing pregnancy than in those who<br />
became pregnant, and this was paralleled by a significant increase in blood<br />
anandamide (1.4 ± 0.8 ng/ml and 0.3 ± 0.3 ng/ml respectively). Taken <strong>to</strong>gether with<br />
the reported negative effects <strong>of</strong> anandamide on embryo implantation, it seems that<br />
low FAAH activity and subsequent increased anandamide levels in blood might be<br />
one <strong>of</strong> the causes <strong>of</strong> implantation failure or pregnancy loss (8).<br />
Animal<br />
<strong>The</strong> behavioural response <strong>to</strong> anandamide was examined in developing mice from day<br />
13 in<strong>to</strong> adulthood. It was observed that depression <strong>of</strong> ambulation in an open field and<br />
the analgetic response <strong>to</strong> anandamide were not fully developed until adulthood. In a<br />
separate set <strong>of</strong> experiments, five daily injections <strong>of</strong> anandamide (sc., 20 mg/kg) was<br />
administered during the last trimester <strong>of</strong> pregnancy. No effects on birth weight, litter<br />
size, sex ratio and eye opening were detected after maternal anandamide treatment.<br />
Further, no effects on open field performance <strong>of</strong> the <strong>of</strong>fspring were observed until 4<br />
weeks <strong>of</strong> age. However, from 40 days <strong>of</strong> age, a number <strong>of</strong> differences between the<br />
prenatal anandamide and control <strong>of</strong>fspring were detected. Thus, the <strong>of</strong>fspring from<br />
anandamide -treated dams showed impaired responsiveness <strong>to</strong> a challenge with<br />
anandamide expressed as a lack <strong>of</strong> immobility in the ring test for catalepsy,
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