The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction

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Page 170 of 207 RIVM report 650270002 Octopamine Critical assessment Chemical Octopamine undergoes selfcondensation between 155 and 190 ºC by the amine group. In vivo Octopamine level in the body is affected by MAO inhibitors and α-adrenergic antagonists. Conclusion Chemical The amine group in octopamine seems to be reactive. In vivo Octopamine level in the body is affected by MAO inhibitors and α-adrenergic antagonists. DEPENDENCY No data available. Effects of smoking cessation No data available. Critical assessment Can not be made due to lack of data. Conclusion Can not be made due to lack of data. COMMERCIAL USE Octopamine is a sympathomimetic with predominantly α-adrenergic activity. It has been used as a oral treatment of hypotensive states (44). BENEFICIAL EFFECTS No data available. Critical assessment Can not be made due to lack of data. Conclusion Can not be made due to lack of data. SUMMARY AND FINAL CONCLUSION Octopamine is a component of cocoa, which is used as a flavouring agent in tobacco products. The octopamine level in cocoa or in cigarette smoke is unknown. Also the environmental level and data on human exposure are not available. Furthermore, data on combustion products of octopamine are not available. Octopamine is a natural compound in the human body with a mean plasma value of 0.23 ng/ml.
RIVM report 650270002 Page 171 of 207 Octopamine Octopamine stimulates α2 and ß3-adrenergic receptors in rats. Furthermore, it affected the cAMP level in the cell via the D1-receptor. Not enough data are available on pulmonary effects of octopamine. Because octopamine is much less potent than noradrenaline on the α and ß-adrenergic receptors, it is likely that a large amount of octopamine needs be inhaled to affect the pulmonary system. No data are available on pulmonary absorption of octopamine and on pulmonary bioavailability in human. In vitro studies with rabbit lung showed that 35 % of octopamine was inactivated by the pulmonary MAO. Considering the presence of MAO in human lung tissue, it is likely that in situ elimination will occur in humans after inhalation. Octopamine is widely distributed in the body. It is accumulated in the platelets. Mainly MAO-A metabolises octopamine. Octopamine is excreted in conjugated and unconjugated form. No data are available on the kinetic parameters of octopamine. Because, octopamine is deaminated by MAO, it is likely that the octopamine turnover in the body is high and thus also in the pulmonary tissue. No human toxicological data are available on octopamine inhalation. Mainly animal LD50 data are available. Octopamine level in the body is affected by MAO inhibitors and α-adrenergic antagonists. Based on the octopamine metabolisation by MAO, it seems that pulmonary MAO will reduce the bioavailability of octopamine through cigarette smoking. However, since no data are available on pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic and toxicological effects of octopamine exposure through inhalation, the shortterm and longterm effects of exposure to octopamine through smoking on the respiratory system cannot be established. Furthermore, its additive effects on other biogenic amines present in cigarette smoke are also not known and have to be studied. More studies are needed on: - the determination of octopamine level in cocoa and cigarette smoke - the determination of pyrolysis/combustion products of octopamine in cigarette smoke; - the local (respiratory system) effects of long-term use of octopamine alone and its pyrolysis/combustion products via inhalation; - the local (respiratory system) effects of long-term use of octopamine in combination with other biogenic amines via inhalation. Date this sheet was genereted Based on literature available in april 2002. REFERENCES (1) Octopamine-RTECS. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances . 2001. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Electronic version. (2) Chemfinder website: http://chemfinder.cambridgesoft.com/ chemfinder . 2001.
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The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction

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