The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction
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The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction

The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction

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Page 156 of 207 RIVM report 650270002 Phenylethylamine Phenylethylamine (5 mg) produced symptoms like headache, dizziness and discomfort in some volunteers (n = 27). The LD50 value in rats varies between 100 mg/kg (i.p.) to 800 mg/kg (oral). No data are available on the inhalation toxicological effect of phenylethylamine. Therefore, no conclusion can be drawn whether the phenylethylamine dose in one cigarette (0.49 mg/cigarette) will exert significant systemic and local toxicological effects. Phenylethylamine reacts with aldehydes and cyanides in cigarettes and forms adducts with those cigarette components. These adducts have MAOI properties. MAO metabolises phenylethylamine in the pulmonary system. Therefore, MAOI increase the phenylethylamine level in the body. It is plausible that phenylethylamine availability from cigarette smoking will be increased when MAO is inhibited. Phenylethylamine has reinforcing properties qualitatively comparable to amphetamine. Whether phenylethylamine in cigarette plays a role in the reinforcing effect of cigarette smoking is unknown. Phenylethylamine could be used to treat depression disorder in human. Whether phenylethylamine in cigarette plays a role in the possible anti-depressive effect of cigarette smoking is unknown. Based on the metabolisation by MAO, it seems that pulmonary MAO will reduce the bioavailability of phenylethylamine through cigarette smoking. However, since no data are available on pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic and toxicological effects of phenylethylamine exposure through inhalation, the shortterm and longterm effects of exposure to phenylethylamine through smoking on the respiratory system cannot be established. Furthermore, its additive effects on other biogenic amines present in cigarette smoke are also not known and have to be studied. More studies are needed on: - the determination of pyrolysis/combustion products of phenylethylamine in cigarette smoke; - the local (respiratory system) effects of long-term use of phenylethylamine alone and its pyrolysis/combustion products via inhalation; - the local (respiratory system) effects of long-term use of phenylethylamine in combination with other biogenic amines via inhalation. - Biavailability of phenylethylamine via respiratory exposure Date this sheet was generated Based on literature available in march 2002. REFERENCES (1) Dictionary of substances and their effects (DOSE). The Royal Society of Chemistry, editor version 10/2000, 2001. Electronic version. (2) Brandweerinformatiecentrum voor gevaarlijke stoffen (BIG). Electronic version

RIVM report 650270002 Page 157 of 207 Phenylethylamine 9.0, 2001. Belgium. (3) The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB). HSDB . 1-1-2001, Electronic version. (4) Chemfinder website: http://chemfinder.cambridgesoft.com/ chemfinder . 2001. (5) The Merck Index, version 12:1, 1996. Electronic version by Chapman & Hall EPD. (6) Etienne Perdrizet, Jacques Prevost. Aliphatic and aromatic amines during development of nicotiana tabacum. Phytochemistry, 1981; 20(9):2131-2134. (7) Roemer E, Hackenberg U. Mouse skin bioassay of smoke condensates from cigarettes containing different levels of cocoa. Food Addit Contam, 1990; 7(4):563-569. (8) Baker GB, Wong JT, Coutts RT, Pasutto FM. Simultaneous extraction and quantitation of several bioactive amines in cheese and chocolate. Journal of chromatography, 1987; 392317-31:-31. (9) ten Brink B, Damink C, Joosten HM, Huis-in-'t-Veld-JH. Occurrence and formation of biologically active amines in foods. Int J Food Microbiol, 1990; 11 (1):73-84. (10) Kawamura K, Matsumoto T, Nakahara T, Hirano M, Uchimura H, Maeda H. Improved method for determination of .beta.-phenylethylamine in human plasma by solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol, 2000; 23 (13):1981-1993. (11) Paterson IA, Juorio A, V, Boulton AA. 2-Phenylethylamine: a modulator of catecholamine transmission in the mammalian central nervous system? J Neurochem, 1990; 55 (6):1827-1837. (12) Borowsky B, Adham N, Jones KA, Raddatz R, Artymyshyn R, Ogozalek KL et al. Trace amines: Identification of a family of mammalian G protein-coupled receptors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2001; 98(16):8966-8971. (13) Hawthorn MH, Broadley KJ, Gibbon CJ. Examination of the bronchoconstrictor response of guinea-pig isolated lung to beta-phenylethylamine. Gen Pharmacol, 1985; 16 (4):371-378. (14) Liang CS, Sprecher D. Cardiovascular actions of beta-phenylethylamine. The American journal of physiology, 1979; 236 (4):H592-H595. (15) Shannon HE, Cone EJ, Yousefnejad D. Physiologic effects and plasma kinetics of beta-phenylethylamine and its N-methyl homolog in the dog. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 1982; 223 (1):190-196. (16) Sabelli HC, Javaid JI. Phenylethylamine modulation of affect: therapeutic and

RIVM report 650270002 Page 157 <strong>of</strong> 207<br />

Phenylethylamine<br />

9.0, 2001. Belgium.<br />

(3) <strong>The</strong> Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB). HSDB . 1-1-2001, Electronic<br />

version.<br />

(4) Chemfinder website: http://chemfinder.cambridges<strong>of</strong>t.com/ chemfinder . 2001.<br />

(5) <strong>The</strong> Merck Index, version 12:1, 1996. Electronic version by Chapman & Hall<br />

EPD.<br />

(6) Etienne Perdrizet, Jacques Prevost. Aliphatic and aromatic amines during<br />

development <strong>of</strong> nicotiana tabacum. Phy<strong>to</strong>chemistry, 1981; 20(9):2131-2134.<br />

(7) Roemer E, Hackenberg U. Mouse skin bioassay <strong>of</strong> smoke condensates from<br />

<strong>cigarette</strong>s containing different levels <strong>of</strong> <strong>cocoa</strong>. Food Addit Contam, 1990;<br />

7(4):563-569.<br />

(8) Baker GB, Wong JT, Coutts RT, Pasut<strong>to</strong> FM. Simultaneous extraction and<br />

quantitation <strong>of</strong> several bioactive amines in cheese and chocolate. Journal <strong>of</strong><br />

chroma<strong>to</strong>graphy, 1987; 392317-31:-31.<br />

(9) ten Brink B, Damink C, Joosten HM, Huis-in-'t-Veld-JH. Occurrence and<br />

formation <strong>of</strong> biologically active amines in foods. Int J Food Microbiol, 1990; 11<br />

(1):73-84.<br />

(10) Kawamura K, Matsumo<strong>to</strong> T, Nakahara T, Hirano M, Uchimura H, Maeda H.<br />

Improved method for determination <strong>of</strong> .beta.-phenylethylamine in human<br />

plasma by solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chroma<strong>to</strong>graphy<br />

with fluorescence detection. J Liq Chroma<strong>to</strong>gr Relat Technol, 2000; 23<br />

(13):1981-1993.<br />

(11) Paterson IA, Juorio A, V, Boul<strong>to</strong>n AA. 2-Phenylethylamine: a modula<strong>to</strong>r <strong>of</strong><br />

catecholamine transmission in the mammalian central nervous system? J<br />

Neurochem, 1990; 55 (6):1827-1837.<br />

(12) Borowsky B, Adham N, Jones KA, Raddatz R, Artymyshyn R, Ogozalek KL et<br />

al. Trace amines: Identification <strong>of</strong> a family <strong>of</strong> mammalian G protein-coupled<br />

recep<strong>to</strong>rs. Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the National Academy <strong>of</strong> Sciences <strong>of</strong> the United<br />

States <strong>of</strong> America, 2001; 98(16):8966-8971.<br />

(13) Hawthorn MH, Broadley KJ, Gibbon CJ. Examination <strong>of</strong> the bronchoconstric<strong>to</strong>r<br />

response <strong>of</strong> guinea-pig isolated lung <strong>to</strong> beta-phenylethylamine. Gen Pharmacol,<br />

1985; 16 (4):371-378.<br />

(14) Liang CS, Sprecher D. Cardiovascular actions <strong>of</strong> beta-phenylethylamine. <strong>The</strong><br />

American journal <strong>of</strong> physiology, 1979; 236 (4):H592-H595.<br />

(15) Shannon HE, Cone EJ, Yousefnejad D. Physiologic effects and plasma kinetics<br />

<strong>of</strong> beta-phenylethylamine and its N-methyl homolog in the dog. <strong>The</strong> Journal <strong>of</strong><br />

pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 1982; 223 (1):190-196.<br />

(16) Sabelli HC, Javaid JI. Phenylethylamine modulation <strong>of</strong> affect: therapeutic and

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