The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction

Page 114 of 207 RIVM report 650270002
Tryptamine
after a tryptophan load (28).
Excretion
No data are available for tryptamine excretion after tryptamine loading. Tryptamine is
excreted in the urine after oral loading with L-tryptophan (30 mg/kg body weight).
The urinary excretion of tryptamine increases immediately after loading and reaches a
maximum in approximately 45 min (29).Tryptamine in the unconjugated form in
urine collected from human volunteers was 82 ± 11 µg/g creatinine (mean ± standard
error of the mean) (30).
Kinetic parameters
Intraventricular injection into the rat brain tryptamine resulted in rapid exponential
decrease of it in the first 30 min after injection. Tryptamine showed a biphasic
decrease with half-lives of 4.7 min (over the 5-10 min period) and 14.1 min (10-30
min) (31). The turnover rate is high in the rat brain (38 ng/ g brain tissue/h) (12).
Critical assessment
Little is known about tryptamine pharmacokinetics in man from oral and respiratory
studies on tryptamine. The major route of catabolism for tryptamine is one of
enzymatic inactivation.
Conclusion
There are no pharmacokinetic data available after tryptamine respiratory and oral
loading.
TOXICOLOGY
Acute toxicity
Human
Tryptamine produces pharmacological effects in man which are similar to those
produced by LSD, mescaline, psilocin and other tryptamine derivatives. These
effects include tachycardia, tachypnea, mydriasis, hyperreflexia, behavioral changes
and in man, hallucinations. No details were available on the tryptamine data in that
study (19).
Animal
Tryptamine induced serotonin (5-HT) syndrome (head weaving and hindlimb
abduction) in rats through the 5-HT1A receptor. The 5-HT syndrome may also be
associated with the 5-HT1A receptor in mice, as it is in rats (32). However, another
study stated that the serotonin syndrome was attributed to the binding of tryptamine
to 5-HT2 receptors and subsequent agonistic actions. Intravenous doses of 25 mg/kg
to mice induced the 5-HT syndrome of head weaving and hind limb abduction (33).
The behavioural effects of intravenously administered tryptamine were examined in
mice. Tryptamine in a dose greater than 15 mg/kg induced distinct head-weaving and
hindlimb abduction. These behavioural syndromes appeared immediately after the
injection and disappeared within 3 min. The changes in time course of the behaviour
induced by tryptamine were consistent with those of the levels of tryptamine in the
brain (34).
The effects of tryptamine on behavior were investigated in mice. Tryptamine at a