The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Page 110 of 207 RIVM report 650270002 Tryptamine No data available CONSENSUS REPORTS No data available STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ADI: An intake of > 40 mg biogenic amines (histamine, tryptamine, tyramine, phenylethylamine, etc.) per meal has been considered potentially toxic (10) TWANL = MAC: No data available TWAD =MAK: No data available TWAUSA: No data available STELNL: No data available STELUSA: No data available LTEL: No data available TLV-C: No data available TLV-CARCINOGENICITY: No data available MAK-REPRODUCTION: No data available Others: Reference value: No data are available on the human tryptamine reference value in blood. The tryptamine excretion in urine in 24 h was estimated to be 33.5 µg ± 25.8 µg (11). Tryptamine level in the whole brain of human was 0.1 – 1.5 ng/g wet weight tissue. The tryptamine level in whole rat brain ranged between 0.2 – 155 ng/g wet weight tissue (12). Tryptamine levels of 0.04 µg/ml in blood and 0.06 µg/ml in rumen fluid were found in buffalo calves (13). CLASS EG Carc. Cat.: No data available IARC-category: No data available CEC: No data available Critical assessment Comparison of smoking potential related daily intake of tryptamine with daily intake from other sources: SMOKING TRYPTAMINE INTAKE BY EATING 25 cigarettes 3 chocolate Tomato Italian dry sausage per day bars of 60 g (50g) (50 g) TRYPTAMINE (µg) 1000 (5) * 149 (14) 200 (15) 820 (9) * = assuming the dry tobacco leaves weight 10 % of fresh leaves and there is no loss on tryptamine during processing Little is known about the profile of the pyrolysis/combustion products of tryptamine. Reference value in humans is not available.
RIVM report 650270002 Page 111 of 207 Tryptamine Conclusion The estimated natural tryptamine amount in tobacco leaves is at least 5000 times higher than the tryptamine amount from added cocoa. Therefore, it is debatable whether tryptamine should be considered as an additive to tobacco. The daily potential intake of tryptamine from cigarettes (from tobacco leaves and from cocoa) is higher than tryptamine intake from other sources such as chocolate or tomato, and is comparable with Italian dry sausages. Assuming similar bioavailability and no loss by combustion, the plasma concentration reached after ingestion of tryptamine from chocolate sources or other food sources is expected to be lower than after exposure from cigarettes. Also the different route of application via smoking as compared to other sources should be taken into account. Therefore, the systemic and the local effect of smoking related exposure to tryptamine might be a point of concern. Since nothing is known about tryptamine’s pyrolysis/combustion products, this may also be a point of concern. PHARMACODYNAMICS Mechanism of action Tryptamine is a neurotransmitter (12) or a modulator of neurotransmission (12, 16, 17). Studies with [ 3 H]-tryptamine have shown [ 3 H]-tryptamine-binding sites in various brain regions and in several visceral organs. Three active classes of compounds, tryptamine analogues, ß-carbolines and substituted phenylethylamines, were shown to displace [ 3 H]-tryptamine binding (12, 18). Tryptamine evokes physiological effects through interaction with the large family of serotonin receptor by means of modulation. It is suggested that synthesis of tryptamine occurs in terminals of dopaminergic neurons and these neurons are seen as allosteric regulator of serotonin receptors. The modulatory effects of tryptamine are mediated either directly at presynaptic and/or postsynaptic tryptamine binding sites of serotonergic neurons or by inducing allosteric changes at serotonin receptor (12). Furthermore, tryptamine derivatives, such as ß-carbolines, inhibit monoamine oxidase and the monoamine uptake and bind to benzodiazepine receptor (7). Pulmonary system breathing frequency: Tryptamine produces pharmacological effects in man which are similar to those produced by LSD and other tryptamine derivatives. One of these effects is tachypnea. No details were available on tryptamine data (19). tidal volume: no data available lung compliance: no data available airway resistance: no data available Cardiovascular system blood pressure: see below heart rate: Tryptamine has a biphasic effect on the serotonin receptors, regulating the arterial tone (12). Tryptamine (2-20 µg/dose), administered into the lateral cerebral ventricle of the rat, evoked a pressor response, which was sometimes followed by a prolonged depressor response. The intracisternal administration of tryptamine (7-20 µg/dose) caused a slow progressive and long-lasting depressor effect without or with an initial pressor effect. The pressor response was accompanied by variable changes in heart
Page 1 and 2:
RIVM report 650270002/2002 The cont
Page 3 and 4:
RIVM report 650270002 Page 3 of 207
Page 5 and 6:
Page 7 and 8:
Page 9 and 10:
Page 11 and 12:
Page 13 and 14:
Page 15 and 16:
Page 17 and 18:
Page 19 and 20:
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 47 of 207 RIVM report 65027000
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60: RIVM report 650270002 Page 59 of 20
Page 109: RIVM report 650270002 Page 109 of 2
Page 125 and 126: Page 125 of 207 RIVM report 6502700
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207:
show all

The Contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?