Occupational Intakes of Radionuclides Part 1 - ICRP

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1563 1564 1565 1566 1567 1568 1569 1570 1571 1572 1573 1574 1575 1576 1577 1578 1579 1580 1581 1582 1583 1584 1585 1586 1587 1588 1589 1590 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 DRAFT REPORT FOR CONSULTATION maintenance of reactor facilities; handling of radioactive waste, for example from nuclear facilities and hospitals; the processing of plutonium and other transuranic elements; the processing of thorium ores and the use of thorium and its compounds (these activities can lead to internal exposure from both radioactive dusts and thoron [ 220 Rn] and its progeny); the mining, milling and refining of uranium ores; natural and enriched uranium processing and fuel fabrication; work with large quantities of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM); the production of radiopharmaceuticals; the handling of large quantities of 131 I for medical applications. (77) The results of monitoring of the workplace may also indicate a need for a temporary programme of special individual monitoring aimed at identifying any need for a routine programme of workplace monitoring. 2.6 Female Workers: pregnancy and breast-feeding (78) It is the Commission's policy (ICRP, 2007) that the methods of protection at work for women who are pregnant should provide a level of protection for the embryo/fetus broadly similar to that provided for members of the public. The Commission considers that this policy will be adequately applied if the mother is exposed, prior to her declaration of pregnancy, under the system of protection recommended by the Commission. Once pregnancy has been declared, and the employer notified, additional protection of the embryo/fetus should be considered. The working conditions of a pregnant worker, after declaration of pregnancy, should be such as to make it unlikely that the additional external dose to the fetus, together with the committed effective dose to the fetus and newborn child from intakes of radionuclides before or during the pregnancy, would exceed about 1 mSv. (79) ICRP has provided information in Publications 88 and 95 (ICRP, 2001, 2004) on doses to the embryo, fetus and newborn child following intake of radionuclides by female workers either before or during pregnancy or during lactation. Comparisons of fetal dose coefficients given in Publication 88 with corresponding adult dose coefficients showed that doses received by a woman from intakes before or during pregnancy will in most cases be substantially greater than doses to her fetus. However, doses to the offspring can exceed doses to the mother for a number of radionuclides. In particular, the requirements of skeletal development during fetal growth, particularly in late pregnancy, can lead to significant uptake of radioisotopes of phosphorus and of calcium and, to a lesser extent, other alkaline earth elements. Thus, offspring:adult dose ratios were up to factors of about 10 – 20 for isotopes of P and Ca and 2 – 6 for isotopes of Sr (Stather et al, 2003; ICRP 2004). Uptake of radioisotopes of iodine by the fetal thyroid can also lead to greater doses to the fetus than to the mother following intakes late in pregnancy (dose ratios of up to about 3) (Berkovski et al, 2003b). Other radionuclides for which doses to the fetus can exceed 44
1606 1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 1613 1614 1615 1616 1617 1618 1619 1620 1621 1622 1623 1624 1625 1626 1627 1628 1629 DRAFT REPORT FOR CONSULTATION doses to the mother include tritium as tritiated water, 14 C and 35 S. Offspring:adult dose ratios are greatest following ingestion or inhalation of soluble (Type F) forms. Values of offspring:adult ratios may change as a result of future calculations following from Publication 103 (ICRP, 2007) and associated changes. Offspring doses may also be of concern when the dose ratio is
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Occupational Intakes of Radionuclides Part 1 - ICRP

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