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1.4.1 Phonetic Inventory 14 Acehnese sound system consists of single consonants, consonant clusters, single vowels (oral and nasal), and diphthongs. 1.4.1.1 Consonants There are twenty-five single consonants in Acehnese. They consist of the following: a). Nine stops, which consist of five voiceless stops, [p t c k ? (-glottal stop)], and four voiced stops, [b d j g]. The Acehnese [t] is slightly retroflex. b). Four fricatives: [f s s h]. [f] is a borrowed consonant from Arabic and used only in borrowed words. Although this consonant is written [f], it is not quite [f] in Acehnese. Instead of labio-dental, it is very often closer to bilabial. I used to consider [s] as a borrowed consonant. 3 But now I realize that it is a native consonant. It is used in native words, although only in two interjection words. It is used in hug (also: 1ms.) 'an interjection used to shoo an animal away' and suk 'an interjection used to shoo an animal away.' Sometimes only [s] is used, but long: ssssss! •^See, for example, Asyik (1972) and Asyik (1978a)
15 c). Nasals. Nasals consist of ordinary nasals, [m n n n] and "funny" nasals, which are marked here with an underlining: [m. n. £. jj] . All vowels following an ordinary nasal in Acehnese become nasalized. But this is not the case with the vowels following the funny nasals. They remain oral vowels. For example, the [a] in flap 'to hide by lowering oneself, to take shelter' has the same quality as the [a] in rap 'near.' d). Liquids. Liquids are [1] and [r]. The Acehnese [r] can be considered as a trill, but it is not a perfect trill as found in Spanish. stops e). Semi-vowels: [w] and [y]. Voiceless stops Voiced stops Fricatives Nasals Ordinary Nasals Funny Nasals Lateral Trill Glides Chart of Consonants Bilabial P b m ffl w f Alveolar t d s n a 1 r Alveopalatal c J s n n y Velar k g n 4 Glottal 1 \ ? \ h
Page 1: ->*- - l£iOEt4
Page 5 and 6: A contextual grammar of Acehnese se
Page 7: INFORMATION TO USERS While the most
Page 11: A CONTEXTUAL GRAMMAR OF ACEHNESE SE
Page 14 and 15: For my wife and my children ii
Page 16 and 17: found a way to help me. With Prof.
Page 18 and 19: TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ii ACK
Page 20 and 21: 3.3.1 Subject 149 3.3.2 Predicate 1
Page 22 and 23: Table LIST OF TABLES 1. Pronouns 40
Page 24 and 25: Meulaboh) and in South Aceh (Capita
Page 26 and 27: North Aceh dialect. The Greater Ace
Page 28 and 29: [u] . In the following words, [u] i
Page 30 and 31: 8 will be able to tell that the oth
Page 32 and 33: 10 nothing much to add to what Duri
Page 34 and 35: 12 Other important points in the th
Page 38 and 39: 16 In addition to single consonants
Page 40 and 41: 18 Besides single vowels, there are
Page 42 and 43: 20 which is [rapa?i] 'traditional A
Page 44 and 45: a). [w] is written as an. 22 beukah
Page 46 and 47: 'i 'e [iii]. Diphthongs 24 Nasal Vo
Page 48 and 49: 26 1.4.3 Writing Borrowed Words Man
Page 50 and 51: (ii) PP's: 28 di rumoh* 'in house (
Page 52 and 53: 30 except those marked as unaccepta
Page 54 and 55: 32 ethnography, the dialects, previ
Page 56 and 57: CHAPTER 2 DERIVATION OF FOUR CLASSE
Page 58 and 59: 2.1 Nouns 36 Nouns are such words a
Page 60 and 61: 38 pronouns are usually made into p
Page 62 and 63: Person Pronouns 40 Table 1: Pronoun
Page 64 and 65: 42 4. t'oh 'which, any,' beurangkat
Page 66 and 67: 44 3. Aneuk nyan saket-jifl. Child
Page 68 and 69: 46 not any grammatical process comp
Page 70 and 71: 48 '"Teungku" from Bayu.' The follo
Page 72 and 73: 50 kai 'a fourth of an are' gantano
Page 74 and 75: 52 23. Peuet bak bak u payah koh. F
Page 76 and 77: 54 30. Limong go on bubong treuk ka
Page 78 and 79: 56 2.1.5.1.2 Inflation jn Qne-SyUab
Page 80 and 81: 58 37. Bajee nyoe ka teuplbh ceuneu
Page 82 and 83: 60 tirut 'pointed, smaller and smal
Page 84 and 85: 62 with the first syllable omitted
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adverbs. 64 beurangkari 'any, any o
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2.2 Verbs sioeue 'one thing' siKrek
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2.2.1.1.1 Noun Sterna 68 Many verbs
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70 muminveuk 'to make cooking oil'
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72 'to use musical instrument,' meu
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74 meukanto 'to build or occupy a p
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76 meu?eunokot 'to sell fish from p
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78 67. Di Ion lon-mumakmeuoang di g
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80 mubrok 'to be in bad terms (with
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82 this is rather strange because t
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84 meuteubiet-teubiet 'everyone is
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86 b). Some verbs are formed from k
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with.' 88 peugaki 'to push with one
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90 89. Jeh-pat ceurape. Ka-peulet b
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92 [iv]. With numerals and guantifi
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94 97. Ka meutet surat saboh. PERF
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96 Table 3: "tu-words' 1. soe 'who,
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98 activity.' It is also used with
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100 got 'to pull (tr.);' aeumeuaot
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102 2.2.1.5.5 Initial Svllabla Omis
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2.2.1.7 cau- and -sur.- 104 As used
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106 It should be noted that words d
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108 113. Jih leubeh carong nibak ge
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110 a). With some verbs meu - means
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2.3.1.2 aau- -aun- 112 These two af
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hunchbacked' 114 tahe 'amazed;' teu
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116 [ii]. Past Time Adverbs. To for
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118 into hi- discussed in [i.a] abo
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120 (3.3.3.4.2). The clause followi
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122 Unlike adjectives, adverbs of m
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124 beurangka'oh 'in any manner' me
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2.5 F"""p*-Y 126 geureub'um* reubah
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3.1 Word Qrdar CHAPTER 3 SENTENCES
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130 Compare also the intonation of
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132 seems to be the basic order for
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3.2 Intonation 134 Intonation varie
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136 11. Aneuk-miet nyang saket brat
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138 c). A PP: a predicate or a PP i
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29. Nyari^fliantong*. That still 14
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142 3.2.3 intonation in "Predicate-
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144 Every time fronting occurs with
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146 3.2.6 Intonation in Questions w
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148 Acehnese: Jih ji-jak u keude. [
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150 because the sentence should beg
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152 sentence where two such NP's ha
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154 active sentences by subject NP'
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156 definitions of subjects. Due to
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158 In all sentences below, the ini
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160 As a subject, ureueng nyan can
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162 87. Keubiri nyoe asee nya*n ji-
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164 97. Lon ji-poh le jih. I 3y-bea
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Aspect 166 »I Modal }MD (PP)(PP) P
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168 teungoh 'middle' (Progressive)
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170 116. Lon meuseuti Ion-woe jinoe
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172 able, have the ability.' The ve
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174 3.3.3.4 The Positions of Adverb
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176 Adverbs of result are expressed
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149. 178 Di gopnyan sabe awai trok-
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follows. 180 keudeh and hare/sare '
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182 meanings, keudeh implies 'indee
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184 164. Bah beu hinan-jih keudeh.
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I 186 However, one can express an o
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188 [ii]. treuk. treuk is used imme
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190 186. Krueng nyoe sit sabe peuno
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192 followed by a statement saying
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200. Ji-pajoh lagoe. 3-eat SUR 194
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196 205. Ka lagoe ji-woe. PERF SUR
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198 211. [[duwa droejj-jureueng [sa
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200 217. ureueng kemeukoh kamoe per
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202 224. Ka-cok ija nyang gleh sikr
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204 231. Baroe lon-bloe lhee boh pa
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206 of the subject NP, and often wi
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208 240. Teungku-teungku nyang meuh
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210 245. Nyoe long-pakat nyang gala
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212 i 254. Luweue-geuh panyang-pany
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214 intonation. This is the intonat
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216 present, it is possible in Aceh
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218 2 69. Di macut geu-neuk woe u g
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220 [iv]. Another syntactic functio
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222 [vii]. di is also used in sente
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224 290. Nyoe kurusi nyoe karap sab
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226 is often omitted in context, or
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228 intonation, the order subject-p
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230 b) *Di kamoe hana turi gopnyan.
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10. a) Ma 232 na-geuh di rumoh. Mot
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234 animal subjects. (From now on,
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236 27. a) Ureueng nyan teukhem-geu
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4.1 Subject Conditions 238 In my pr
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240 41. Rumoh gopnyan ji-hadap u la
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242 .* *• b) *Ube nyang ka neu-pe
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244 therefore, necessary to redefin
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246 65. Trep-trep meugeuratan-jih s
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70. 'Etnha neu-jak? Where 2r-go 248
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Translation: 250 (7) Tiep uroe ^3 j
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252 or other modifiers. Actually it
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Translation: 254 $. Karap h'an ji-t
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256 Subject omission is also obliga
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258 meaning (p)), such as mubeuno '
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260 83. Beuklam lon-lumpoe saket ma
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). Other adjectives: Hu'ih 'cruel'
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264 These non-volitional verbs and
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266 97. Jih hana pajoh bu ka lhee u
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268 adjective must always be preced
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270 [ii]. Enclitics are also regula
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272 The enclitic from the verb J_aJ
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274 person pronouns, lon/lontuwan '
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276 126. Teungku=apa=jep kupi? Titl
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278 Agent cliticization is very com
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280 b) Jalan teungoh geu-sek(*-geuh
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282 143. Padit are neu-bloe breueh?
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284 Questions with question words a
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286 156. Ta-peudbng keunoe Vespa-te
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288 161. * fSI Mae ngon Teungku di
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4.9.4 In Relative Clauses 290 In re
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292 176. Long-sangka beungeh-neuh.
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294 meuhajat 'to intend' peulheueh
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296 b) Gopnyan galak-geuh geu-jak u
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298 a focus construction, which cau
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300 When the complement of bri or p
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302 201. Peugah-peugah mantong pane
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304 4.9.8 In Introductory Clauses B
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306 referencing, and agreement vari
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308 (See 2.2.1.8.) Thus, the clause
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310 6. Radio lon teungoh geu-cuba p
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312 11. Di lon ban jaga-lon nibak t
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15. Abang 314 ka qeu-Jak-(*qeu-)blo
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316 sentences without verb serializ
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318 b) Lon geu-yue=jak u keude le a
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320 Compare the meanings of the two
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322 These verbs are not entirely ho
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324 45. Rumoh nyoe lbn-neuk-vue=kar
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5.2 NP Complements 326 Clauses can
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328 56. Lon-lumpoe (??nyang) keude
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330 62. Some formal characteristics
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332 66. Lon-kalbn sik^fh geu-mat ba
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334 71. Macut geu-dawa aneuk pya?h,
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336 77. a) Si Tij ji-lumpoe (*jihj)
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338 iak 'I am not going.' However,
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340 [iv]. If the complement has an
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342 lakee 'to ask, to demand' deunq
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344 98. Jih hana ji-takot (*nyang)
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346 104. Pane ta-tujan (pajan) ji-p
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348 believe, know, say, think, prov
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350 keumeung (also neuk 'to want')
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352 b) Guru geu-anggap-teuh salah.
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354 115.*Geutanyoe geu-anggap le gu
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356 preceding section, but here the
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358 Similar to NP complements, obli
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360 Among the verbs from the list t
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362 mubit 'to persist, to strive' m
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5.3 vp complements 364 We can disti
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366 155. Pakon galak-neuh beungeh-n
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368 are verbs that do not allow the
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370 the verb of the complement in t
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372 at5 'to schedule, to direct' pe
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374 184. Droeneuh h'an ji-bri »jep
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kalon 'to see' noieng 'to see' deun
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CHAPTER 6 RELATIVE CLAUSES AND FOCU
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380 head NP ureueng and nvan modifi
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382 b) Na lon-kalon kameng nyang pa
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384 13. Ureueng (nyang) meukat gule
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386 22. Pue neu-jak peugah nyan bak
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388 27. Di gampong gopnyan le ureue
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390 35. a) Ureueng (nyang) meudike
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392 37. d) Ureueng kamoe * (nyang)
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394 b) ??Aneuk-geuh ubit saket. Chi
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396 b) Ureueng * (nyang) tutbng rum
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398 b) Ri *(nyang) lbn-cok brbk. An
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400 kri and ban can be combined to
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402 65. Hana lon-tupeue (nyang) geu
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404 mupat 'known (where/place)' meu
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406 76. Nyang golom tho payah adee
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Translation: 408 na / nvang rava. t
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410 88. Nyang sa geu-peuduwa, nyang
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412 .. 4* 94. Ureueng nyang (*geu-)
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414 It is interesting that some ver
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416 b) Pisang nyang jih-pula ka ji-
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418 s 112. a) Ayah geu-bri peng keu
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420 116. a) Mie nyan galak-geuh le
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422 after the verb. Thus, before ag
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424 127. a) Bajee nyoe hana galak-g
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426 128. c) Aneuk nyang hana geu-br
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428 131. a)*Bajee nyang ji-cop di t
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430 Acehnese (6.2). The topicalized
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432 b) Na teuingat-neuh uroe (watee
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434 usually optional, but the prepo
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436 'The hills which were on my lef
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438 locational prepositions, except
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440 155. a) Pinto nyoe ji-kurek ngo
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442 c) Ho ka meja nyang droeneuh du
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444 stacked relative clauses in the
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446 that the last modifier be expre
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448 1 _ .. 172. Ureueng dong bak ja
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450 175. Nyan bek neu-tanyong bak l
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452 Acehnese does not have a non-re
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454 b) Utoh Tal>e"* nyang peugbt pi
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[ii]. Proper noun: 456 191. Teungku
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458 sentence. This method is termed
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460 BIBLIOGRAPHY Anderson, John M.
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4 62 Dillon, George L. Introduction
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464 Milner, George B. "On the Centr
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