Baden-Württemberg - Lichens of Wales

C. rufescens sits on high relief limestone and
calcareous silicate rocks. C. lachneum and C.
waltheri which are not recorded from the region,
occurring in the neighboring Allgäu arctic-
alpine, establish themselves often in soil filled
rock fissures. The soil dwellers are as a result of
amelioration and enclosure of land (e.g. vineyard
allocation) in regression.
C. cinereum, C. daedalum, C. lachneum and
C. waltheri are arctic/boreal-alpine species,
which penetrate up into the mountains of south
Europe; C. cinereum and C. daedalum existing,
thus in the region, as relict occurrences in
relatively nearer sea level. The area of C.
psoromoides, C. pilosellum and tremniacense
reaches over central- and south Europe; here we
have also C. rufescens, C. squamulosum and the
more rare C. michelii whose high point, occurs
however even in north Europe.
Genus Characteristics and Determination
Thallus squamulose, commonly light to dark
brown, red-brown, sometimes thickly white
pruinose, stratified construction, upper side with
paraplectenchymatous cortex, of ± anticlinal
hyphae with rounded-angular to somewhat
stretched cells, under side without or with weakly
to clearly setoff paraplectenchymatous cortex,
attached to the substrate with colorless to brown
“rhizo-hyphae.” Photobionts: coccoid green
algae. Per. sunken or, when between the
squamules, projecting, with black apex. Exc.
dark in the region of the apex, otherwise light to
dark, with or without involucrellum. Hym. I+
yellow-orange to reddish, rarely bluish-green,
K/I+ blue. Paraphyses lacking in ripe per.
Periphyses predominantly simple. Asci thin
walled, clavate to elongate cylindric, without
tholus, wall I-, exterior with thin amyloid gelatin
layer. Pycnosp. short cylindric to cylindric or
elongate ellipsoidal. Sp. 1-celled, ellipsoidal.
Ch-.
1 Per. sitting between the thallus squamules, not
sunken, with carbonaceous invol. Squamules ±
crustose coalescing, very small, -1(1.5) mm, thin
(mostly 100-200 µm thick) 2
1* Per. sunken into the thallus squamules, without
invol . 3
2 Thallus squamules with blackish paraplectenchymatous
lower cortex. Exc. brown to blackbrown,
surrounded by a ring-like carbonaceous
involucre. Sp. elongate egg form to almost
clavate, 17-21 x 8-10 µm. Rhizoid hyphae dark.
In alpine sites C. waltheri
2* Thallus squamules without lower cortex and
medulla. Exc. brown to black-brown, surrounded
by a carbonaceous involucre only in the upper
part. Sp. ellipsoidal, 13-17(18) x 6-7 µm.
Rhizoid hyphae colorless. In lower sites
C. tremniacense
3 Squamules entirely white pruinose, but margins
often dark bordered, finely crenate to deeply
crenate lobed,, usually coalescing, ± compressed,
1-2(3) mm. Thallus with definite dark prothallus.
Lower cortex blackish, paraplectenchymatous.
Sp. 17-23 x 6.5-8.5 µm C. cinereum
3* Squamules possibly pruinose in places . 4
4 Rhizoid hyphae dark, producing a thick dark
prothallus. Asci clavate, sp. ± two rows. Upper
cortex thin (30 µm) 5
4* Rhizoid hyphae light. Asci cylindric, sp. single
series 7
5 Squamules finely crenate to deeply crenate lobed,
usually whitish pruinose, often dark bordered,
usually coalescing, ± compressed. Lower cortex
blackish, paraplectenchy-matous. Sp. 17-23 x
6.5-8.5 µm C. cinereum
5* Squamules not deeply crenate, not dark bordered,
to foliose lobed, approaching ± effigurate thallus
(with somewhat elongated marginal lobes),
without lower cortex. Very rare species . 6
6 Asci 55-65 x 13-15 µm. Sp. ellipsoidal to almost
fusiform, on the average under 17 µm long (13-
17 x 5.5-7 µm, sometimes with apparent two part
content. Squamules usually light brown to gray
or gray greenish. Lobe ends often flecked gray to
violet gray pruinose
C. psoromoides
6* Asci 75-85 x 17-20 µm. Sp. elongate egg form to
clavate, on the average over 17 µm (17-22 x 6-8
µm), content not two-part. Marginal lobes
broadly rounded, thick, nonpruinose, often
somewhat indented. Thallus sometimes finely
diffusely pruinose on the interior thallus parts
(not flecked) C. daedalum
7 Per. wall dark, 20 µm thick below. Sp. 11-15 x
5-6 µm. Squamules 1-4 mm large, thin, -250 µm,
closely attached, light to dark brown, dull,
undersides blackish . C. michelii
7* Per. wall colorless, over 20 µm thick 8
8 Squamules covered with very fine colorless hairs
at the margin . C. pilosellum (12)
8* Squamules not hairy at the margin . 9
9 Thallus attached directly to the rock, robust,
leathery, brown to dark brown or red-brown, dull
or mostly shiny, usually wavy curved.
Squamules 6-10 x 3-5 mm in size, 350-600 µm
thick, margins commonly somewhat raised. Sp.
15-20 x 7.5-9 µm, often empty and deformed.
Pycn. sessile on the margin . C. rufescens
9* Thallus on soil or on soil encrusted rock 10
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