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C. rufescens sits on high relief limestone and<br />
calcareous silicate rocks. C. lachneum and C.<br />
waltheri which are not recorded from the region,<br />
occurring in the neighboring Allgäu arctic-<br />
alpine, establish themselves <strong>of</strong>ten in soil filled<br />
rock fissures. The soil dwellers are as a result <strong>of</strong><br />
amelioration and enclosure <strong>of</strong> land (e.g. vineyard<br />
allocation) in regression.<br />
C. cinereum, C. daedalum, C. lachneum and<br />
C. waltheri are arctic/boreal-alpine species,<br />
which penetrate up into the mountains <strong>of</strong> south<br />
Europe; C. cinereum and C. daedalum existing,<br />
thus in the region, as relict occurrences in<br />
relatively nearer sea level. The area <strong>of</strong> C.<br />
psoromoides, C. pilosellum and tremniacense<br />
reaches over central- and south Europe; here we<br />
have also C. rufescens, C. squamulosum and the<br />
more rare C. michelii whose high point, occurs<br />
however even in north Europe.<br />
Genus Characteristics and Determination<br />
Thallus squamulose, commonly light to dark<br />
brown, red-brown, sometimes thickly white<br />
pruinose, stratified construction, upper side with<br />
paraplectenchymatous cortex, <strong>of</strong> ± anticlinal<br />
hyphae with rounded-angular to somewhat<br />
stretched cells, under side without or with weakly<br />
to clearly set<strong>of</strong>f paraplectenchymatous cortex,<br />
attached to the substrate with colorless to brown<br />
“rhizo-hyphae.” Photobionts: coccoid green<br />
algae. Per. sunken or, when between the<br />
squamules, projecting, with black apex. Exc.<br />
dark in the region <strong>of</strong> the apex, otherwise light to<br />
dark, with or without involucrellum. Hym. I+<br />
yellow-orange to reddish, rarely bluish-green,<br />
K/I+ blue. Paraphyses lacking in ripe per.<br />
Periphyses predominantly simple. Asci thin<br />
walled, clavate to elongate cylindric, without<br />
tholus, wall I-, exterior with thin amyloid gelatin<br />
layer. Pycnosp. short cylindric to cylindric or<br />
elongate ellipsoidal. Sp. 1-celled, ellipsoidal.<br />
Ch-.<br />
1 Per. sitting between the thallus squamules, not<br />
sunken, with carbonaceous invol. Squamules ±<br />
crustose coalescing, very small, -1(1.5) mm, thin<br />
(mostly 100-200 µm thick) 2<br />
1* Per. sunken into the thallus squamules, without<br />
invol . 3<br />
2 Thallus squamules with blackish paraplectenchymatous<br />
lower cortex. Exc. brown to blackbrown,<br />
surrounded by a ring-like carbonaceous<br />
involucre. Sp. elongate egg form to almost<br />
clavate, 17-21 x 8-10 µm. Rhizoid hyphae dark.<br />
In alpine sites C. waltheri<br />
2* Thallus squamules without lower cortex and<br />
medulla. Exc. brown to black-brown, surrounded<br />
by a carbonaceous involucre only in the upper<br />
part. Sp. ellipsoidal, 13-17(18) x 6-7 µm.<br />
Rhizoid hyphae colorless. In lower sites<br />
C. tremniacense<br />
3 Squamules entirely white pruinose, but margins<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten dark bordered, finely crenate to deeply<br />
crenate lobed,, usually coalescing, ± compressed,<br />
1-2(3) mm. Thallus with definite dark prothallus.<br />
Lower cortex blackish, paraplectenchymatous.<br />
Sp. 17-23 x 6.5-8.5 µm C. cinereum<br />
3* Squamules possibly pruinose in places . 4<br />
4 Rhizoid hyphae dark, producing a thick dark<br />
prothallus. Asci clavate, sp. ± two rows. Upper<br />
cortex thin (30 µm) 5<br />
4* Rhizoid hyphae light. Asci cylindric, sp. single<br />
series 7<br />
5 Squamules finely crenate to deeply crenate lobed,<br />
usually whitish pruinose, <strong>of</strong>ten dark bordered,<br />
usually coalescing, ± compressed. Lower cortex<br />
blackish, paraplectenchy-matous. Sp. 17-23 x<br />
6.5-8.5 µm C. cinereum<br />
5* Squamules not deeply crenate, not dark bordered,<br />
to foliose lobed, approaching ± effigurate thallus<br />
(with somewhat elongated marginal lobes),<br />
without lower cortex. Very rare species . 6<br />
6 Asci 55-65 x 13-15 µm. Sp. ellipsoidal to almost<br />
fusiform, on the average under 17 µm long (13-<br />
17 x 5.5-7 µm, sometimes with apparent two part<br />
content. Squamules usually light brown to gray<br />
or gray greenish. Lobe ends <strong>of</strong>ten flecked gray to<br />
violet gray pruinose<br />
C. psoromoides<br />
6* Asci 75-85 x 17-20 µm. Sp. elongate egg form to<br />
clavate, on the average over 17 µm (17-22 x 6-8<br />
µm), content not two-part. Marginal lobes<br />
broadly rounded, thick, nonpruinose, <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
somewhat indented. Thallus sometimes finely<br />
diffusely pruinose on the interior thallus parts<br />
(not flecked) C. daedalum<br />
7 Per. wall dark, 20 µm thick below. Sp. 11-15 x<br />
5-6 µm. Squamules 1-4 mm large, thin, -250 µm,<br />
closely attached, light to dark brown, dull,<br />
undersides blackish . C. michelii<br />
7* Per. wall colorless, over 20 µm thick 8<br />
8 Squamules covered with very fine colorless hairs<br />
at the margin . C. pilosellum (12)<br />
8* Squamules not hairy at the margin . 9<br />
9 Thallus attached directly to the rock, robust,<br />
leathery, brown to dark brown or red-brown, dull<br />
or mostly shiny, usually wavy curved.<br />
Squamules 6-10 x 3-5 mm in size, 350-600 µm<br />
thick, margins commonly somewhat raised. Sp.<br />
15-20 x 7.5-9 µm, <strong>of</strong>ten empty and deformed.<br />
Pycn. sessile on the margin . C. rufescens<br />
9* Thallus on soil or on soil encrusted rock 10<br />
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