Development of self-compacting concrete

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Fig. 5. A precast unit being cast in SCC (Tarmac Precast Concrete Ltd) Fig. 6. A precast column cast in SCC (Tarmac Precast Concrete Ltd) with SCC for the last two years and production using the material first began in August 2002. 57 5.7. Seminars and events The SCI (Society of Chemical Industry) held a seminar on SCC in January 2001 in London. Approximately 60 delegates attended and the speakers were the main practitioners of SCC in the UK from the areas of research (Professor P. Bartos), design (Dr N. Henderson), ready-mix (R. Gaimster) and contracting (P. Goring). This meeting was one of the first events in the UK to begin to introduce the material to members of the construction industry who had no experience or knowledge of SCC. A demonstration and international workshop on SCC, lasting a total of two and a half days, was held at the Advanced Concrete and Masonry Centre at Paisley University in May/ June, 2001. 58 The event was attended by 70 delegates from eleven countries and helped raise the awareness and knowledge of the material in Scotland and the rest of the UK. Four demonstration events on SCC around the UK have also recently been held by BRE’s Centre for Concrete Construction as part of their DTI-funded project on SCC, which combined practical demonstrations with presentations by industry experts on SCC. The events were aimed at people in the industry with little or no knowledge of the material, with more than 140 people attending the four events. 6. THE FUTURE From its origins in Japan in the late 1980s, research, development and use of SCC has spread steadily throughout the world. Approximately 7–10% of the Swedish ready-mix market is now SCC and research is being conducted in virtually every country in Europe. National working groups on the material now exist in some form in most countries in Europe, with the majority of them working towards producing some form of guidance on the use of SCC. Large amounts of research and development are now also being conducted in Canada and the USA at places such as the University of Sherbrooke and the Université Laval. The first North American conference on SCC was held in November 2002 by Northwestern University. American concrete organisations such as the American Concrete Institute (ACI), American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and PCI (Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute) have all recently formed committees to produce guidelines, standards and specifications for SCC. The material is slowly gaining acceptance in this huge market and already it is estimated that approximately 4000– 5000 m 3 is used per day in precast applications in North America. Nearly 100 000 m 3 of ready-mixed SCC has also so far been used in North America. 59 Countries such as Argentina, Australia and New Zealand are also all now beginning to conduct research and development work into SCC, with more countries sure to follow. A third International Symposium on SCC is being held in Iceland in August 2003, where much of the research and development work presently under way will be presented. For further details see Reference 60. The main barrier to the increased use of SCC in the UK and Europe seems to be the lack of experience of the process, and the lack of published guidance, codes and specifications. This situation will improve, however, as experience and knowledge increases and each country begins to produce its own guidance and specifications. Precasters are currently the overwhelming users of SCC in the UK, in Europe and in the USA. This is partly due to them owning and operating the on-site batching plant, and so they are able to take full advantage of all the potential benefits of SCC. They can also minimise or control the potential disadvantages of the material (such as inconsistency of supply and site acceptance). In the countries where SCC has been adopted relatively quickly, such as Japan and Sweden, the ready-mix concrete producers are owned or operated by the contractors, therefore the increased material costs can be directly offset by savings in the construction process, in a similar way to precast production. Although SCC is not expected to ever completely replace conventionally vibrated concrete, the use of the material in 412 Structures & Buildings 156 Issue SB4 Self-compacting concrete development Goodier
oth the precast and ready-mix markets in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world is expected to continue to increase. The main drivers for this increase in use are expected to include • an increase in the experience of both producers, contractors, designers and clients • an increase in available guidance on the production, design and use of SCC • a decrease in the unit cost of the material as technology and experience improves • the demand from clients for a higher-quality finished product • the decrease in skilled labour available in many countries for both the placing and finishing of concrete. 7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to acknowledge the support provided in collating the information for this paper from the BRE Framework contract on SCC, which is currently being undertaken by BRE for the Construction Industry Directorate, DTI. The author also wishes to thank the industry participants in this programme, including BCA, Concrete Admixtures Association, Concrete Society, John Doyle Construction Ltd, Lafarge UK Ltd, Mott MacDonald Ltd, RMC Readymix Ltd and the University of Paisley, as well as the many individuals who have supplied the information required in the writing of this paper. REFERENCES 1. OKAMURA H., OZAWA K. and OUCHI M. Self-compacting concrete. Structural Concrete, 2000, 1, No.1, Mar., 3–17. 2. TANIGAWA Y., MORI H., YONEZAWA T., IZUMI I. and MITSUI K. Evaluation of the flowability of high-strength concrete by L-flow test. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Architectural Institute of Japan, 1989/1990. 3. OZAWA K., MAEKAWA K. and OKAMURA H. High performance concrete with high filling ability. Proceedings of the RILEM Symposium, Admixtures for Concrete, Barcelona, 1990. 4. TANGTERMSIRIKUL S., SAKAMOTO J., SHINDOH T. and MATSUOKA Y. Evaluation of resistance to segregation of super workable concrete and the role of a new type of viscosity agent. Reports of the Technical Research Institution, 1991, Taise: Corporation, Japan, No. 24, pp. 369–376. 5. OZAWA K., MAEKAWA K. and OKAMURA H. Development of High Performance Concrete. University of Tokyo, 1992, Faculty of Engineering journal. 6. SAKAMOTO J., MATSUOKA Y., SHINDOH T. and TANGTERMSIRIKUL S. Application of super workable concrete to actual construction. Proceedings of Concrete 2000 Conference, University of Dundee, 1993. 7. KUROIWA S., MATSUOKA Y., HAYAKAWA M. and SHINDOH T. Application of Super Workable Concrete to Construction of a 20-storey Building. ACI, 1993, SP-140. 8. OZAWA K., SAKATA N. and OKAMURA H. Evaluation of selfcompactability of fresh concrete using the funnel test. Concrete Library of JSCE, No. 25, 1995. 9. OUCHI M. and OZAWA K. (eds). Proceedings of the International Workshop on Self-Compacting Concrete, Kochi, 1998, Japan Society of Civil Engineers, ISBN 4-8106-0310-5. 10. UOMOTO T. and OZAWA K. (eds). Recommendation for SCC. JSCE Concrete Engineering, Series 31, Tokyo, Japan, 1999. 11. OZAWA K. and OUCHI M. (eds). Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Self-Compacting Concrete, Tokyo, 2001, 743, ISBN 4-90154-04-0 (www.infra.kochitech.ac.jp/sccnet/scc2/). 12. Fib concrete structures in the 21st century. Proceedings of the 1st Fib Congress, Osaka, 2002 (www.fib2002.com/e/ index.html). 13. DOMONE P. L. and CHAI H. W. Design and testing of SCC: Production methods and workability of concrete. Proceedings of an International RILEM Conference. E & F N Spon, London, 1996, ISBN 419 22070 4. 14. PETERSSON O. and BILLBERG P. A model for SCC: Production methods and workability of concrete. International RILEM Conference. E & F N Spon, London, 1996, ISBN 419 22070 4. 15. SKARENDAHL A. and PETERSSON Ö. (eds). Proceedings of the 1st International RILEM Symposium on SCC. RILEM Publications, 1999, p. 786, ISBN 2-912143-09-8. 16. BILLBERG P. Self-compacting concrete for civil engineering structures—the Swedish experience. Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute, Stockholm, 1999, CBI report 2:99, p. 80. 17. Details available on the internet at: http://scc.ce.luth.se. 18. NILSSON M. Project on Self-compacting Bridge Concrete. Swedish National Road Administration (SNRA), 1998, Publication 1998:71 E, ISSN 1401-9612, p. 19. 19. Details available on the internet at: www.acmcentre.com/testing-scc/index.php. 20. RILEM. TC CSC: Casting of SCC, www.rilem.ens-cachan.fr/csc. 21. BILLBERG P. CBI, Sweden. Personal communication, November 2002. 22. EUROPEAN FEDERATION of PRODUCERS AND CONTRACTORS OF SPECIALIST PRODUCTS FOR STRUCTURES. Specification and Guidelines for SCC. EFNARC, 2002, ISBN 0-9539733-4-4, p. 29. 23. EUROPEAN FEDERATION OF PRODUCERS AND CONTRACTORS OF SPECIALIST PRODUCTS FOR STRUCTURES (EFNARC). Specifications and Guidelines for Self-Compacting Concrete. EFNARC, Surrey, 2002. Also available on the internet at: www.efnarc.org. 24. DINGENOUTS M. Review of SCC Product Acceptance Standardisation. Proceedings of Paisley University Workshop, September 2002. 25. SKARENDAHL A. Swedish Construction Sector Innovation Centre, BIC. Personal communication, August 2002. 26. GRAUERS M. NCC Construction Sverige AB, NCC Engineering, Sweden. Personal communication, July 2002. 27. SWEDISH CONCRETE ASSOCIATION. SCC Recommendations for Use, SCA, 2002, Report series No. 10, p. 84. 28. JOHANSEN K. Sintef, Trondheim, Norway. Personal communication, August 2002. 29. KUKKO H. VTT Building and Transport, Finland. Personal communication, September 2002. 30. DE LARRARD F. Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées, France. Personal communication, July 2002. 31. ASSOCIATION FRANÇAISE DE GENIE CIVIL. Bétons Autoplaçants: Recommandations provisoires. AFGC, Bagneux, France, July 2000. Structures & Buildings 156 Issue SB4 Self-compacting concrete development Goodier 413
Page 1 and 2: Proceedings of the Institution of C
Page 3 and 4: cohesiveness is required. The first
Page 5 and 6: A specification and guideline docum
Page 7: 5.1. Academic institutions The lead

Development of self-compacting concrete

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?