the toxic truth - Greenpeace

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Gibraltar SPAIN 33 the toxic truth generation of toXic waste during operations in tHe Mediterranean sea SPANISH WATERS 1 8 28 15 MOROCCO Gibraltar 9 32 19 12 MOROCCAN WATERS Amsterdam La Skhirra GIBRALTAR WATERS 3 11 21 4 29 25 MOROCCAN WATERS Malta SPANISH WATERS SPANISH WATERS TUNISIA La Skhirra 1 10 7 20 10 2 26 5 17 31 18 30 16 TUNISIAN WATERS 13 22 6 14 INTERNATIONAL WATERS 27 Where and when the caustic washing on board the Probo Koala took place: 71 » 11 April 2006: international waters, possibly in Malta waters » 5-6 May 2006: Gibraltar waters » 17 May 2006: Spanish waters, close to Gibraltar waters » 23 May 2006: international waters » 27 May 2006: international waters » 20 June 2006: international waters » End of June 2006: caustic washing may also have taken place after the Probo Koala left Gibraltar on 27 June 2006 on its way to the Netherlands. 72 0 0 0 SICILY 5 7 9 MALTESE WATERS MALTA 4 ITALIAN WATERS INTERNATIONAL WATERS 1st Month (7 April - 7 May 2006) 2nd Month (8 May - 8 June 2006) 3rd Month (9 June - 2 July 2006) This map has been copied and translated by Greenpeace into English from maps that were shown during the Dutch court case in June 2010. The maps were developed by the Dutch police and presented by the public prosecutor during the hearings. The map shows the locations of the Probo Koala in the Mediterranean Sea during the caustic washing operations. It also shows where caustic washing activities took place. The coloured line has been added by the authors of this report. 3 2 6 8 31 Chapter 2
32 Amnesty internAtionAl And greenpeAce netherlAnds Chapter 2 The first caustic wash at sea was completed by mid-April 2006. 79 The Probo Koala then returned to La Skhirra, Tunisia to unload the newly “washed” gasoline. Despite having previously told Univar that the hazardous waste from caustic washing would be disposed of at La Skhirra, 80 Trafigura had no intention of delivering the waste in Tunisia. tHe caustic wasHing on Board tHe Probo Koala Trafigura decided to carry out caustic washing on board the Probo Koala at sea after running out of options to do it on land. To carry out this operation, Trafigura arranged for shipments of the coker naphtha to be delivered to the Probo Koala. This took place in ship-to-ship (STS) operations in the Mediterranean. Ships coming from the USA delivered coker naphtha to the Probo Koala. Trafigura then organized for caustic soda to be delivered to the Probo Koala – again in STS operations. The first washing of coker naphtha on board the Probo Koala was carried out offshore near Malta in April 2006. 73 A London-based executive of Trafigura later described the process as follows: “ ... We performed a full STS [shipto-ship] operation to the Mt Probo koala, ... thereafter we added 50.000 litres (50cbms) of Caustic Soda (Material data Safety Sheet attached) proportionately across all cargo tanks of Mt Probo koala (using an injection pump/hoses to the upper level of the coker naphta from the top of the tank), thereafter circulated for 24hrs (by transferring individual tank quantities to an empty tank to achieve the maximum inter-surface contact between Naphtha and Caustic Soda) and allowed the Naphtha and Caustic to separate/settle and thereafter drained the “Used” caustic to the slop tanks. In order to ensure that all of the caustic was stripped from the treated coker Naphtha, we stripped more than the quantity of caustic added originally to each cargo tank, to make best efforts that all caustic was stripped thus to ensure this may also strip some of the treated naphtha or any free water to the Slop Tanks. Thereafter (..) treated Naphtha on board was used as a blendstock to make finished Gasoline. ” 74 The available evidence shows that some 200 tonnes of caustic soda was transferred to the Probo Koala in STS operations over the period between April and late-June 2006. As 50m 3 of caustic was added to each of the three batches of coker naphtha at least 150 tonnes of caustic soda was used for the washing operations. 75 As well as the caustic soda, Trafigura added a catalyzing agent to some of the washes. Internal documents show that Trafigura experimented with the amount of oxidizing catalyst used, probably in an effort to optimize the reduction of the mercaptan sulphur of the naphtha. While no catalyst was used for the washing of the first coker naphtha load, 8kg of an oxidising catalyst was used for the second shipment, and 16 kilo for the washing of the third shipment. 76 A report commissioned by Trafigura from a consultancy company, Minton, Treharne & Davies Ltd shortly after the dumping, noted: “ In our view the exercise onboard the Mt Probo Koala was an attempt to replicate this refinery process [Merox reaction] at 77 sea. ” This view was later echoed by the Dutch courts, which stated: “ […] this essentially boils down to the moving of an industrial process from land 78 to sea. ” In fact, Trafigura specifically instructed the captain of the Probo Koala not to disclose the presence of the waste at La Skhirra, stating in an email: “ PLS ENSUrE ThaT aNY rEMaININGS oF CaUSTIC SoDa IN ThE TaNkS’ INTErFaCE arE PUMPED INTo ThE SLoP TaNk To
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