the toxic truth - Greenpeace

182 Amnesty internAtionAl And greenpeAce netherlAnds
endnotes
1. This figure has been converted to the US$ equivalent
of the actual amounts paid based on historic
currency calculations, taken from a number of
different sources, and are approximate values.
2. www.trafigura.com/about_us/key_facts.aspx (accessed
24 August 2012).
3. Trafigura Amended Defence 5 December 2008
(Yao Essaie Motto and Others v Trafigura Limited
and Trafigura Beheer BV in the High Court of
Justice, Queen’s Bench Division, Claim No.
HQ06X03370), para 28.
4. www.trafigura.com/useful_links/corporate_brochure.aspx
(accessed 24 August 2012).
5. www.trafigura.com/useful_links/corporate_brochure.aspx
(accessed 24 August 2012).
6. Trafigura Annual Report 2006, p2.
7. Requisitoir, Broom II, Meervoudige economische
strafkamer, Rechtbank Amsterdam submitted
21 June 2010 p49: “set against the gross
domestic product of the Côte d’Ivoire. In 2006
this was around US$18 billion. In 2007 around
US$19 billion. And in 2009 more or less US$22
billion.” Original in Dutch “Afgezet tegen het
bruto nationaal product van Ivoorkust. In 2006
bedroeg dat zo’n 18 miljard dollar. In 2007
zo’n 19 miljard dollar. En in 2009 ongeveer 22
miljard dollar.” (Greenpeace translation).
8. The Basel Convention was adopted on 22 March
1989, and entered into force on 5 May 1992.
9. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary
Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their
Disposal (the “Basel Convention”).
10. Basel Convention, Article 2, para 21, and Article 9.
11. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary
Movements of Hazardous Wastes and
their Disposal, Article 4, para 3.
12. Basel Convention, Article 4(1)(b).
13. Basel Convention Article 4.5, Article 11.
14. Basel Convention, Article 4(1)(c).
15. Basel Convention, Articles 8 and 9.
16. Basel Convention, Articles 2(8).
17. Basel Convention, Article 4(4).
18. Basel Convention, Article 1.4.
19. International Convention for the Prevention of
Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the
Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (the “MARPOL-
Convention”).
20. MARPOL Convention Annex II.
21. International Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights.
22. CESCR, General Comment 14: The right to the
highest attainable standard of health (Article 12),
UN. Doc. E/C.12/2000/4, 11 August 2000,
para 11.
23. CESCR, General Comment 14: The right to the
highest attainable standard of health (Article 12),
UN. Doc. E/C.12/2000/4, 11 August 2000,
para 16.
24. CESCR, General Comment 14: The right to the
highest attainable standard of health (Article 12),
UN. Doc. E/C.12/2000/4, 11 August 2000,
para 15.
25. CESCR, General Comment 14: The right to the
highest attainable standard of health (Article 12),
UN. Doc. E/C.12/2000/4, 11 August 2000,
para 51.
26. See African Commission on Human and Peoples’
Rights, Decision on communication of The
Social and Economic Rights Action Centre and
the Center for Economic and Social Rights v Nigeria
(155/96), p10. The decision was adopted
at the 30th ordinary session of the African Commission
on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Banjul,
13-27 October 2001, available at www.cesr.org/
downloads/AfricanCommissionDecision.pdf.
27. Amnesty International interviews, February 2009
and June 2011, Abidjan and by phone.
28. Testimonies from witnesses interviewed by
Amnesty International including Angèle N’Tamon,
Françoise Kouadio, Jerome Agoua, Abidjan,
February 2009. See also: Okechukwu Ibeanu,
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the adverse
effects of the movement and dumping of toxic
and dangerous products and wastes on the enjoyment
of human rights, Addendum, Human Rights
Council, Twelfth session, Agenda item 3, Doc UN
A/HRC/12/26/Add.2, 3 September 2009, para
30, 31, available at www2.ohchr.org/english/
bodies/hrcouncil/docs/12session/A-HRC-12-
26-Add2.pdf.
29. Okechukwu Ibeanu, Report of the Special Rapporteur
on the adverse effects of the movement
and dumping of toxic and dangerous products
and wastes on the enjoyment of human rights,
Addendum, Human Rights Council, Twelfth session,
Agenda item 3, Doc UN A/HRC/12/26/
Add.2, 3 September 2009, para 30,31, available
at www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/12session/A-HRC-12-26-Add2.pdf.
30. Report of the International Commission of Inquiry
on the discharge of toxic wastes in the district
of Abidjan, 19 February 2007; Communiqué du
porte parole de la présidence de la République
relatif à l’indemnisation des victimes des
déchets toxiques, 14 June 2007, p5. www.
dechetstoxiques.gouv.ci/pdf/communique-duporte-parole-du-pr.pdf.
31. Fifteen deaths were recorded in the findings of
an independent enquiry set up by the Ivorian
Prime Minister (International Commission of
Inquiry on Toxic Waste, 19 February 2007, p.2).
Sixteen individuals were identified as having
died as result of the waste by the Ivorian Ministry
of Finance for the purposes of compensating
their relatives (Communiqué du porte
parole de la présidence de la République relatif
à l’indemnisation des victimes des déchets
toxiques, 14 June 2007, available at www.
dechetstoxiques.gouv.ci/pdf/communique-duporte-parole-du-pr.pdf).
Seventeen deaths were
recorded by the Ivorian criminal court – Court of
Appeal of Abidjan Ruling No. 42, Hearing of 19
March 2008, p41.
32. Amnesty International interviews, including
Salif Konate, Abidjan, February 2009. The UN
Special Rapporteur on Toxic Waste also notes
that “many businesses forewent commercial
earnings for a significant period of time following
the contamination” – Okechukwu Ibeanu, Report
of the Special Rapporteur on the adverse effects
of the movement and dumping of toxic and
dangerous products and wastes on the enjoyment
of human rights, Addendum, Human Rights
Council, Twelfth session, Agenda item 3, Doc UN
A/HRC/12/26/Add.2, 3 September 2009, para
30. The International Commission of Inquiry
also notes that some businesses had to close
temporarily and that some workers were absent
due to illness – International Commission of
Inquiry on Toxic Waste, 19 February 2007, p86.
A number of businesses later received compensation
from the government for economic
losses incurred – see Communiqué du porte
parole de la présidence de la République relatif
à l’indemnisation des victimes des déchets
toxiques, 14 June 2007.
33. Amnesty International interview, June 2011 (by
phone).
34. Testimony of Chef Motto, Amnesty International
interview, May 2011 (by phone).
35. Conference of the Parties (COP) Basel Convention,
Provisional report evaluating the chemical
pollution in Côte d’Ivoire and technical assistance
for the protection of the environment and health,
Plan of urgent action, plan of medium-term
action, Nairobi, undated, p5: “It has been noted
through the various investigations that the dumping
of toxic waste in highly populated zones
had an important psychological impact on the
exposed populations but also on the population
as a whole. The impact was aggravated by the
lack of knowledge on the chemical risks and the
consequences of health.”
36. Amnesty International English translation of
verdict on Trafigura Beheer BV, LJN (National
Case Law Number): BN2149, District Court of
Amsterdam, 13/846003-06 (PROMIS), para
5.2. (rec# 5914 Yao Essaie Motto & Others v.
Trafigura Limited and Trafigura Beheer BV in the
High Court of Justice, Queen’s Bench Division,
Claim No. HQ06X03370).
37. Internal Trafigura email dated 27 December
2005 (rec# 5893 Yao Essaie Motto & Others v
Trafigura Limited and Trafigura Beheer BV in the
High Court of Justice, Queen’s Bench Division,
Claim No. HQ06X03370).
38. Internal Trafigura email dated 27 December
2005 (rec# 5914 Yao Essaie Motto & Others v
Trafigura Limited and Trafigura Beheer BV in the
High Court of Justice, Queen’s Bench Division,
Claim No. HQ06X03370).
39. Internal Trafigura email dated 28 December
2005 (rec# 5914 Yao Essaie Motto & Others v
Trafigura Limited and Trafigura Beheer BV in the
High Court of Justice, Queen’s Bench Division,
Claim No. HQ06X03370).