BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES - Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie
BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES - Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES - Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie
categories of feedback. They are listed in the order in which they occur most frequently in daily conversations. o Evaluative: Making a judgment about the worth, goodness, or appropriateness of the other person's statement. o Interpretive: Paraphrasing - attempting to explain what the other person's statement means. o Supportive: Attempting to assist or bolster the other communicator. o Probing: Attempting to gain additional information, continue the discussion, or clarify a point. o Understanding: Attempting to discover completely what the other communicator means by her statements. 4.3. Communication Functions What we are communicating for? There are many significant and much elaborated answers to this interrogation. In what proceed will be exposed the most famous of them, that introduced by the Russian- American linguist, Roman Jakobson (1960). Jakobson distinguishes six communication functions, each associated with a dimension of the communication process: context, message, sender, receiver, channel, code. Jakobson allocates a communicative function to each of the components. The referential function refers to the context. Here we have the function emphasizing that communication is always dealing with something contextual, referential (the dominant function in a message like 'Water boils at 100 degrees'). The referential function of communication is illustrated via the words: this, that, those etc. The poetic function is allocated to the message and puts 'the focus on the message for its own sake'. Messages convey more than just the content. They always contain a creative 'touch' of our own. These additions have no purpose other than to make the message "nicer". Rhetorical figures, pitch or loudness are some aspects of the poetic function. The emotive function focuses on the sender, as in the interjections 'Bah!' and 'Oh!'. The sender's own attitude towards the content of the message is emphasized. Examples are emphatic speech or interjections (exclamation). 79
The conative function is allocated to the addressee (imperatives and apostrophes). It is directed towards the addressee. One example is the vocative or appellative, imperative, interrogation. The phatic function helps to establish contact, prolong or discontinue communication and refers to the channel of communication. Some of these utterances only serve to maintain contact between two speakers, for instance via repetition, or confirm whether the contact is still there (as in 'Hello?'). The metalinguistic function deals with the code itself; is used to establish mutual agreement on the code. This is the function of language about language (for example, a definition). This whole reader is an example of metalanguage. We use it to examine the code. The metalinguistic function is also predominant in questions like "Sorry, what did you say?" where the code is misunderstood and needs correction or clarification. Naturally, several functions may be active simultaneously in utterances. To find out which function predominates requires analysis. In a proper analysis, we start by determining whether each of the functions of language is present or absent. In theory, each factor is necessary to communication. This does not necessarily mean that each function is always present. We will assume that while one or more – or even all – of the functions of language may be absent in short units (such as an isolated sign), lengthy units can activate all of them. Where more than one function is present, we will establish either: (1) a simple hierarchy, by identifying the dominant function and not ranking the other functions, or (2) a complex hierarchy, by specifying the degree of presence of some or all of the functions. Various criteria can be used to establish the functional hierarchy. For example, Arcand and Bourbeau (1995) use an intention-based criterion: "The dominant function is the one that answers the question, 'With what intention was this message transmitted?' and [...] the secondary functions are there to support it." We must distinguish the intention associated with each fragment from the overall intention, which is "a sentence or series of sentences that corresponds to an intention" (1995). Since the intention can be hidden, the function that is dominant in terms of overt degree of presence may not be dominant in terms of intention. Arcand and Bourbeau also distinguish between direct and indirect manifestations of intention, which correlate to the opposition between 80
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categories of feedback. They are listed in the or<strong>de</strong>r in which they occur<br />
most frequently in daily conversations.<br />
o Evaluative: Making a judgment about the worth, goodness, or<br />
appropriateness of the other person's statement.<br />
o Interpretive: Paraphrasing - attempting to explain what the other<br />
person's statement means.<br />
o Supportive: Attempting to assist or bolster the other<br />
communicator.<br />
o Probing: Attempting to gain additional information, continue the<br />
discussion, or clarify a point.<br />
o Un<strong>de</strong>rstanding: Attempting to discover completely what the<br />
other communicator means by her statements.<br />
4.3. Communication Functions<br />
What we are communicating for? There are many significant and<br />
much elaborated answers to this interrogation. In what proceed will be<br />
exposed the most famous of them, that introduced by the Russian-<br />
American linguist, Roman Jakobson (1960).<br />
Jakobson distinguishes six communication functions, each<br />
associated with a dimension of the communication process: context,<br />
message, sen<strong>de</strong>r, receiver, channel, co<strong>de</strong>. Jakobson allocates a<br />
communicative function to each of the components.<br />
The referential function refers to the context. Here we have the<br />
function emphasizing that communication is always <strong>de</strong>aling with<br />
something contextual, referential (the dominant function in a message like<br />
'Water boils at 100 <strong>de</strong>grees'). The referential function of communication is<br />
illustrated via the words: this, that, those etc.<br />
The poetic function is allocated to the message and puts 'the focus<br />
on the message for its own sake'. Messages convey more than just the<br />
content. They always contain a creative 'touch' of our own. These<br />
additions have no purpose other than to make the message "nicer".<br />
Rhetorical figures, pitch or loudness are some aspects of the poetic<br />
function.<br />
The emotive function focuses on the sen<strong>de</strong>r, as in the interjections<br />
'Bah!' and 'Oh!'. The sen<strong>de</strong>r's own attitu<strong>de</strong> towards the content of the<br />
message is emphasized. Examples are emphatic speech or interjections<br />
(exclamation).<br />
79
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