BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES - Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie

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especially that human is studied by the many academic disciplines, conventionally included in the domain called – domain of behavioral sciences Thus the term behavioral sciences (or behavioral sciences) encompass all the disciplines that explore the activities of and interactions among organisms in the natural world. It involves the systematic analysis and investigation of human behavior through controlled and naturalistic experimental observations and rigorous formulations. Behavioral sciences include two broad categories: neural - decision sciences - and social - communication sciences. Decision sciences involves those disciplines primarily dealing with the decision processes and individual functioning used in the survival of organism in a social environment. These include anthropology, psychology, cognitive science, organization theory, psychobiology, and social neuroscience. On the other hand, communication sciences include those fields which study the communication strategies used by organisms and its dynamics between organisms in an environment. These include fields like anthropology, organizational behavior, organization studies, sociology and social networks. The material to be analyzed in a science of behavior comes from two basic sources: observation and experiment. Observation is an act of recognizing and noting a fact or occurrence often involving measurement with instruments. Experiment can be define as an act or operation for the purpose of discovering something unknown or of testing a principle, supposition, etc. It is a test, trial, or tentative procedure etc. Therea many kinds of observation and experiment. B.F. Skinner classified and described them in this way: (1) Casual observations. They are especially important in the early stages of investigation. Generalizations based upon them, even without explicit analysis, supply useful hunches for further study. (2) In controlled field observation, the data are sampled more carefully and conclusions stated more explicitly than in casual observation. Standard instruments and practices increase the accuracy and uniformity of field observation. (3) Clinical observation has supplied extensive material. Standard practices in interviewing and testing bring out behavior which may be easily measured, summarized, and compared with the behavior of others. 7
Although it usually emphasizes the disorders which bring people to clinics, the clinical sample is often unusually interesting and of special value when the exceptional condition points up an important feature of behavior. (4) Extensive observations of behavior have been made under more rigidly controlled conditions in industrial,military, and other institutional research. This work often differs from field or clinical observation in its greater use of the experimental method. (5) Laboratory studies of human behavior provide especially useful material. The experimental method includes the use of instruments which improve our contact with behavior and with the variables of which it is a function. Recording devices enable us to observe behavior over long periods of time, and accurate recording and measurement make effective quantitative analysis possible. The most important feature of the laboratory method is the deliberate manipulation of variables: the importance of a given condition is determined by changing it in a controlled fashion and observing the result. Current experimental research on human behavior is sometimes not so comprehensive as one might wish. Not all behavioral processes are easy to set up in the laboratory, and precision of measurement is sometimes obtained only at the price of unreality in conditions. Those who are primarily concerned with the everyday life of the individual are often impatient with these artificialities, but insofar as relevant relationships can be brought under experimental control, the laboratory offers the best chance of obtaining the quantitative results needed in a scientific analysis. (6) The extensive results of laboratory studies of the behavior of animals below the human level are also available. The use of this material often meets with the objection that there is an essential gap between man and the other animals, and that the results of one cannot be extrapolated to the other. To insist upon this discontinuity at the beginning of a scientific investigation is to beg the question. Human behavior is distinguished by its complexity, its variety, and its greater accomplishments, but the basic processes are not therefore necessarily different. Science advances from the simple to the complex; it is constantly concerned with whether the processes and laws discovered at one stage are adequate for the next. It would be rash to assert at this point that there is no essential difference between human behavior and the behavior of lower species; but until an 8
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Page 3 and 4: CZU 316.62+ 316.77 (075.8) G 76 Apr
Page 5 and 6: 6.4 Barriers and Solutions for an E
Page 7: 1.1. Behavior as a Concept Introduc
Page 11 and 12: example of how important the nervou
Page 13 and 14: in order to satisfy it. The further
Page 15 and 16: arrangements of ideas accordingly w
Page 17 and 18: To clarify the concept of emotions,
Page 19 and 20: we have to mention the concert fact
Page 21 and 22: 3. Maladaptiveness of behavior. Thi
Page 23 and 24: the information through to the righ
Page 25 and 26: 4. Autism Autism (from the Greek wo
Page 27 and 28: 2. Milliken Mary Elizabeth, Honeycu
Page 29 and 30: Some of the fundamental characteris
Page 31 and 32: Sanguine The Sanguine temperament p
Page 33 and 34: These basic elements he named endom
Page 35 and 36: Other people were strong in two ele
Page 37 and 38: The Extreme Mesotonic - Action They
Page 39 and 40: intent expression. They have a late
Page 41 and 42: An extravert is energized when arou
Page 43 and 44: The Introverted Intuition Type - is
Page 45 and 46: ► Exercises and Discussions: a. G
Page 47 and 48: person separate from other persons
Page 49 and 50: In relation to the stratification o
Page 51 and 52: 3.3. Health Care as a Social System
Page 53 and 54: of community health workers who wor
Page 55 and 56: The scope of practice for a Nurse P
Page 57 and 58: undergoing minor or intermediate pr
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is cured, then they will all remain
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Obligations: (1) The sick person sh
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transitional. Szasz and Hollender's
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All these approaches mentioned abov
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accurate and as unbiased a manner a
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health care facilities, pharmaceuti
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professional, or they may have few
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users of self-medication are well i
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Communication as understanding: “
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developed his ideas in a 1963 book
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perception, unclear message, social
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The conative function is allocated
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the community. Nowadays Health comm
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• Good communication helps the pa
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The efficiency in accomplishment of
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Metacommunication and Cultural Diff
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constructed communication systems s
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During intense verbal abuse, the vi
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style of delivering a message - for
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o Many Asian cultures suppress faci
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or a decrease in a backwards lean a
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There are some cultural differences
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music affect the behavior of commun
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conversations at the same time, and
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the information sent when trying to
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Anything that is exaggerated or ove
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4. Describe the elements of body la
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Will eat anything. Especially likes
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taken from the message (instruction
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development as effective communicat
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family. In many cases, these stereo
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from experience, perception or reas
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Indirect discrimination is often le
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Russification: Under the Russian Em
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about what they are going to say ne
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"You are frustrated because dealing
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human failings, such as tiredness a
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conflict, and ambiguity and struggl
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7.1. The Concept of Culture Behavio
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actor that you are proper, polite,
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diverse communities. The difference
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making unpopular decisions which ne
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Identify a safe place to meet and n
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develop. One should respond slowly
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146 Chapter 8 Health Risk Behaviors
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Smoking Smoking is a major cause of
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2. If person becomes addicted, the
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Hong Kong, physical inactivity can
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weight gain a likely possibility, s
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contemporary social conditions. Dem
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5. Sketch a list of healthy lifesty
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BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES - Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie

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