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Sheldon compared it to the skin of an orange. The hair is basically heavytextured, and baldness, usually starts at the front of the head. The extreme mesomorph is Mr. Universe or Tarzan. Women on the whole tend to have less mesomorph than men and more endomorph. Women who are primarily mesomorphs rarely show the same degree of sharp angularity, prominent bone structure and highly relieved muscles found in their male counterparts. Their contours are smoother, yet the chest area clearly dominates over the abdominal area and both upper and lower arms and legs are well-muscled. The skin tends to be finer than in the male mesomorph, but shows some of the same characteristics in terms of tanning and wrinkling. The Extreme Ectomorph – Linear The highly ectomorph physique is fragile and delicate with light bones and slight muscles. The limbs are relatively long and the shoulders droop. In contrast to the compactness of the endomorph and mesomorph, the ectomorph is extended in space and linear. The ribs are visible and delicate and the thighs and upper arms weak. The fingers, toes and neck are long. The features of the face are sharp and fragile, and the shape of the face as a whole is triangular with the point of the triangle at the chin. The teeth are often crowded in the lower jaw which is somewhat receding. The skin is dry and is like the outer skin of an onion. It tends to burn and peel easily and not retain a tan. The relatively great bodily area in relation to mass makes the ectomorph suffer from extreme heat or cold. The hair is fine and fast-growing and sometimes difficult to keep in place. Baldness is rare. The extreme ectomorph in our society is the absent-minded professor. Once we had grasped these three basic elements we tried to recognize them in ourselves and our friends. We, indeed, found some people who were extreme endomorphs, or mesomorphs or ectomorphs, with little of the other components, but there were not many of them. Most of the people we knew were a bewildering variety of combinations, and we practiced mentally weighing how much of each component they had. Sheldon liked to draw a body type diagram on which he plotted the different body types. Here's where he placed the extreme endomorph, mesomorph and ectomorph: 33
Other people were strong in two elements, and had less of the third. They fell in between the poles of Sheldon's diagram. Four of these combinations captured our attention. There was the hefty muscular person, the muscular thin person, and close to him, the thinner yet still muscular person, and between the ectomorph and the endomorph the person who was spread out and round without really being muscular. In the middle are mid-range physiques well endowed with all the basic elements. And somewhere in this panoramic rainbow of physiques is you. Can you find yourself? The classification of body types was not Sheldon's ultimate goal. He wanted to help resolve the age-old question: Whether our body type was connected with the way we acted (eat and sleep, laugh and snore, speak and walk)? In short, he wanted to explore the link between body and temperament, understood as body type in action. Sheldon's procedure in looking for the basic components of temperament was much like the one he used in discovering the body type components. He interviewed in depth several hundred people and tried to find traits which would describe the basic elements of their behavior. He found there were three basic components which he called viscerotonia, somatotonia and cerebrotonia, and named endotonia, mesotonia and ectotonia. Endotonia is seen in the love of relaxation, comfort, food and people. Mesotonia is centered on assertiveness and a love of action. Ectotonia focuses on privacy, restraint and a highly developed self-awareness. Sheldon devised a way of numerically rating the strength of each area based on a check-list of 60 characteristics (see the end of this chapter 34
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Page 3 and 4: CZU 316.62+ 316.77 (075.8) G 76 Apr
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Page 15 and 16: arrangements of ideas accordingly w
Page 17 and 18: To clarify the concept of emotions,
Page 19 and 20: we have to mention the concert fact
Page 21 and 22: 3. Maladaptiveness of behavior. Thi
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Page 25 and 26: 4. Autism Autism (from the Greek wo
Page 27 and 28: 2. Milliken Mary Elizabeth, Honeycu
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Page 31 and 32: Sanguine The Sanguine temperament p
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Page 41 and 42: An extravert is energized when arou
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Page 47 and 48: person separate from other persons
Page 49 and 50: In relation to the stratification o
Page 51 and 52: 3.3. Health Care as a Social System
Page 53 and 54: of community health workers who wor
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Page 59 and 60: is cured, then they will all remain
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Page 71 and 72: professional, or they may have few
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Page 75 and 76: Communication as understanding: “
Page 77 and 78: developed his ideas in a 1963 book
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• Good communication helps the pa
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The efficiency in accomplishment of
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Metacommunication and Cultural Diff
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constructed communication systems s
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During intense verbal abuse, the vi
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style of delivering a message - for
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o Many Asian cultures suppress faci
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or a decrease in a backwards lean a
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There are some cultural differences
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music affect the behavior of commun
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conversations at the same time, and
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the information sent when trying to
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Anything that is exaggerated or ove
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4. Describe the elements of body la
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Will eat anything. Especially likes
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taken from the message (instruction
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development as effective communicat
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family. In many cases, these stereo
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from experience, perception or reas
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Indirect discrimination is often le
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Russification: Under the Russian Em
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about what they are going to say ne
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"You are frustrated because dealing
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human failings, such as tiredness a
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conflict, and ambiguity and struggl
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7.1. The Concept of Culture Behavio
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actor that you are proper, polite,
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diverse communities. The difference
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making unpopular decisions which ne
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Identify a safe place to meet and n
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develop. One should respond slowly
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146 Chapter 8 Health Risk Behaviors
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Smoking Smoking is a major cause of
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2. If person becomes addicted, the
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Hong Kong, physical inactivity can
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weight gain a likely possibility, s
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contemporary social conditions. Dem
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5. Sketch a list of healthy lifesty
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