BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES - Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie
BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES - Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES - Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie
Choleric - short response time-delay, but response sustained for a relatively long time. (hot/dry) Melancholic - long response time-delay, response sustained at length, if not, seemingly, permanently. (cold/dry) From this schema it is evident that the sanguine and choleric shared a common trait: quickness of response, while the melancholy and phlegmatic shared the opposite, a longer response. The melancholy and choleric, however, shared a sustained response, and the sanguine and phlegmatic shared a short-lived response. That meant, that the Choleric and melancholy both would tend to hang on to emotions like anger, and thus appear more serious and critical than the fun-loving sanguine, and the peaceful phlegmatic. However, the choleric would be characterized by quick expressions of anger, while the melancholy would build up anger slowly, silently, before exploding. The medical theory of temperament began to lose favor in the early modern period. As a characterization of a person's psychological state, however, temperament continued to be employed by both psychologists and the lay public well into the twentieth century. The temperamental theories as well as tests were developed in contemporary periods by David Keirsey, Myers-Briggs, Ernst Kretschmer etc. 2.3. Behavior and Human Somatic One very famous though discussable personality type conception belong to William Sheldon (1898-1977). He was an American psychologist who devoted his life to observing the variety of human bodies and temperaments. He taught and did research at a number of U.S. universities and is best known for his series of books on the human constitution. For his study of the human physique, Dr. Sheldon started with 4,000 photographs of college-age men, which showed front, back and side views. By carefully examining these photos he discovered that there were three fundamental elements which, when combined together, made up all these physiques or somatotypes. With great effort and ingenuity he worked out ways to measure these three components and to express them numerically so that every human body could be described in terms of three numbers, and that two independent observers could arrive at very similar results in determining a person's body type. 31
These basic elements he named endomorphy, mesomorphy and ectomorphy, for they seemed to derive from the three layers of the human embryo, the endoderm, the mesoderm and the ectoderm. So: Endomorph is centered on the abdomen, and the whole digestive system. Mesomorph is focused on the muscles and the circulatory system. Ectomorph is related to the brain and the nervous system. We have all three elements in our bodily makeup, just as we all have digestive, circulatory and nervous systems. No one is simply an endomorph without having at the same time some mesomorph and ectomorph, but we have these components in varying degrees. Sheldon evaluated the degree a component was present on a scale ranging from one to seven, with one as the minimum and seven as the maximum. The Extreme Endomorph - Roundness In this physique the body is round and soft, as if all the mass had been concentrated in the abdominal area. The arms and legs of the extreme endomorph are short and tapering, and the hands and feet comparatively small, with the upper arms and thighs being hammed and more developed than the lower arms and legs. The body has smooth contours without projecting bones, and a high waist. There is some development of the breast in the male and a fullness of the buttocks. The skin is soft and smooth like that of an apple, and there is a tendency towards premature baldness beginning at the top of the head and spreading in a polished circle. The hair is fine and the whole head is spherical. The head is large and the face broad and relaxed with the features blending into an over-all impression of roundness. Santa Claus is our society's image of the extreme endomorph. The Extreme Mesomorph – Muscles The chest area, which Sheldon likened to an engine room, dominates over the abdominal area and tapers to a relatively narrow, low waist. The bones and muscles of the head are prominent as well, with clearly defined cheek bones and a square, heavy jaw. The face is long and broad and the head tends towards a cubical shape. The muscles on either side of the neck create a pyramid-like effect. Both the lower and upper arms and legs are well-developed and the wrists and fingers are heavy and massive. The skin is thick and tends towards coarseness. It takes and holds a tan well and can develop a leathery appearance with heavy wrinkles. 32
- Page 1 and 2: STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND PH
- Page 3 and 4: CZU 316.62+ 316.77 (075.8) G 76 Apr
- Page 5 and 6: 6.4 Barriers and Solutions for an E
- Page 7 and 8: 1.1. Behavior as a Concept Introduc
- Page 9 and 10: Although it usually emphasizes the
- Page 11 and 12: example of how important the nervou
- Page 13 and 14: in order to satisfy it. The further
- Page 15 and 16: arrangements of ideas accordingly w
- Page 17 and 18: To clarify the concept of emotions,
- Page 19 and 20: we have to mention the concert fact
- Page 21 and 22: 3. Maladaptiveness of behavior. Thi
- Page 23 and 24: the information through to the righ
- Page 25 and 26: 4. Autism Autism (from the Greek wo
- Page 27 and 28: 2. Milliken Mary Elizabeth, Honeycu
- Page 29 and 30: Some of the fundamental characteris
- Page 31: Sanguine The Sanguine temperament p
- Page 35 and 36: Other people were strong in two ele
- Page 37 and 38: The Extreme Mesotonic - Action They
- Page 39 and 40: intent expression. They have a late
- Page 41 and 42: An extravert is energized when arou
- Page 43 and 44: The Introverted Intuition Type - is
- Page 45 and 46: ► Exercises and Discussions: a. G
- Page 47 and 48: person separate from other persons
- Page 49 and 50: In relation to the stratification o
- Page 51 and 52: 3.3. Health Care as a Social System
- Page 53 and 54: of community health workers who wor
- Page 55 and 56: The scope of practice for a Nurse P
- Page 57 and 58: undergoing minor or intermediate pr
- Page 59 and 60: is cured, then they will all remain
- Page 61 and 62: Obligations: (1) The sick person sh
- Page 63 and 64: transitional. Szasz and Hollender's
- Page 65 and 66: All these approaches mentioned abov
- Page 67 and 68: accurate and as unbiased a manner a
- Page 69 and 70: health care facilities, pharmaceuti
- Page 71 and 72: professional, or they may have few
- Page 73 and 74: users of self-medication are well i
- Page 75 and 76: Communication as understanding: “
- Page 77 and 78: developed his ideas in a 1963 book
- Page 79 and 80: perception, unclear message, social
- Page 81 and 82: The conative function is allocated
These basic elements he named endomorphy, mesomorphy and<br />
ectomorphy, for they seemed to <strong>de</strong>rive from the three layers of the human<br />
embryo, the endo<strong>de</strong>rm, the meso<strong>de</strong>rm and the ecto<strong>de</strong>rm. So:<br />
Endomorph is centered on the abdomen, and the whole digestive<br />
system.<br />
Mesomorph is focused on the muscles and the circulatory system.<br />
Ectomorph is related to the brain and the nervous system.<br />
We have all three elements in our bodily makeup, just as we all<br />
have digestive, circulatory and nervous systems. No one is simply an<br />
endomorph without having at the same time some mesomorph and<br />
ectomorph, but we have these components in varying <strong>de</strong>grees. Sheldon<br />
evaluated the <strong>de</strong>gree a component was present on a scale ranging from one<br />
to seven, with one as the minimum and seven as the maximum.<br />
The Extreme Endomorph - Roundness<br />
In this physique the body is round and soft, as if all the mass had<br />
been concentrated in the abdominal area. The arms and legs of the extreme<br />
endomorph are short and tapering, and the hands and feet comparatively<br />
small, with the upper arms and thighs being hammed and more <strong>de</strong>veloped<br />
than the lower arms and legs. The body has smooth contours without<br />
projecting bones, and a high waist. There is some <strong>de</strong>velopment of the<br />
breast in the male and a fullness of the buttocks. The skin is soft and<br />
smooth like that of an apple, and there is a ten<strong>de</strong>ncy towards premature<br />
baldness beginning at the top of the head and spreading in a polished<br />
circle. The hair is fine and the whole head is spherical. The head is large<br />
and the face broad and relaxed with the features blending into an over-all<br />
impression of roundness. Santa Claus is our society's image of the extreme<br />
endomorph.<br />
The Extreme Mesomorph – Muscles<br />
The chest area, which Sheldon likened to an engine room,<br />
dominates over the abdominal area and tapers to a relatively narrow, low<br />
waist. The bones and muscles of the head are prominent as well, with<br />
clearly <strong>de</strong>fined cheek bones and a square, heavy jaw. The face is long and<br />
broad and the head tends towards a cubical shape. The muscles on either<br />
si<strong>de</strong> of the neck create a pyramid-like effect. Both the lower and upper<br />
arms and legs are well-<strong>de</strong>veloped and the wrists and fingers are heavy and<br />
massive. The skin is thick and tends towards coarseness. It takes and holds<br />
a tan well and can <strong>de</strong>velop a leathery appearance with heavy wrinkles.<br />
32
Change language