BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES - Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie

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Even when there are biological factors that contribute to a problem, the environment usually plays a role as well. Biological approaches to defining abnormality may encourage people to overlook environmental factors that are easier to change than genetics or brain disorders. A study of adopted children showed that two distinct risk factors encouraged alcoholism: (1) familial alcoholism (one or both genetic parents were alcoholic) and (2) drinking in the family environment (the adoptive parents had drinking problems). Either heredity or environment could increase risk of alcoholism, and obviously only the environment can be manipulated or changed after a person is born, if one wants to prevent alcoholism from developing. Specific behavioral disorders 1. Divided Brain This disease is also called split-brain, and the problem the patient has is that the both brain parts cannot communicate with each other. The brain has two hemispheres, the right and the left hemisphere. Those two hemispheres do look like mirror images of each other, but a closer examination reveals certain asymmetries. When the two hemispheres are measured during an autopsy, the left one is almost always larger than the right one. This anatomical difference are related to differences in functions between the two hemispheres: the left hemisphere is specialized for the use of language, while the right one is specialized for mental imagery and the understanding of spatial relationships. Speech and the production of sounds are usually located in the left hemisphere. But some left-handed people have speech centers located in the right hemisphere or divided between the two. Seeing is also complicated, the two eyes of you give their information to the opposite hemisphere; your right eye gives his information to the left hemisphere, and your left eye to the right hemisphere. The brain transforms this information so we see 'normal'. As a result of this the left hemisphere sees the right hand in the right visual field, this is correct because your right hemisphere controls you left body-half and otherwise. When someone is suffering a split-brain his both hemispheres cannot communicate. In a test, a person with a split brain is seated in front of a screen. Because of his split brain he cannot use his right hand to take something he sees with his left eye. When a word appears on the left side of the screen, the eye passes 21
the information through to the right hemisphere so he won't understand the word because language depends on the left hemisphere. Because people with split brain can not combine the information of both hemispheres, their behavior is pretty strange. Because he is not aware of everything that happens he can look stupid and his behavior can be illogical and vague. 2. Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is the label given to a group of psychotic disorders characterized by distortion of reality, withdrawal from social interaction and disorganization of thought. The word schizophrenia is derived from the Greek words for to split (schidzein) and mind (phren). This splitting is related to fragmenting of the thought processes. Schizophrenia occurs in all cultures, also those that are remote from western civilization and its stress. Because the disorder often reoccurs and because the patient's suffer long from it, half of all psychiatric hospital beds are occupied by patients suffering schizophrenia. Schizophrenia usually appears in young adulthood. Sometimes the disorder develops slowly, but sometimes it has a sudden onset. These are often a result of stress with people living an isolated life. Whether the disorder develops slowly or suddenly, the signs are many and varied. The primary characteristics can be summarized as the following, although not every schizophrenic person will show all of them: 1. Disturbance of thought and attention; people suffering schizophrenia often cannot think logically and as the result of this they cannot write a story, because every word they write down might make sense, but are meaningless in relation to each other, and they cannot keep their attention to the writing. 2. Disturbances of perception; during acute schizophrenic episodes, people say that the world appears different to them, their bodies appear longer, colors seem more intense and they cannot recognize themselves in a mirror. 3. Disturbances of affect; schizophrenic persons fail to show 'normal' emotions. For example, a patient may smile while talking over tragic events 4. Withdrawal from reality; during schizophrenic episodes, the individual becomes absorbed in his inner thoughts and fantasies. The self- 22
Page 1 and 2: STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND PH
Page 3 and 4: CZU 316.62+ 316.77 (075.8) G 76 Apr
Page 5 and 6: 6.4 Barriers and Solutions for an E
Page 7 and 8: 1.1. Behavior as a Concept Introduc
Page 9 and 10: Although it usually emphasizes the
Page 11 and 12: example of how important the nervou
Page 13 and 14: in order to satisfy it. The further
Page 15 and 16: arrangements of ideas accordingly w
Page 17 and 18: To clarify the concept of emotions,
Page 19 and 20: we have to mention the concert fact
Page 21: 3. Maladaptiveness of behavior. Thi
Page 25 and 26: 4. Autism Autism (from the Greek wo
Page 27 and 28: 2. Milliken Mary Elizabeth, Honeycu
Page 29 and 30: Some of the fundamental characteris
Page 31 and 32: Sanguine The Sanguine temperament p
Page 33 and 34: These basic elements he named endom
Page 35 and 36: Other people were strong in two ele
Page 37 and 38: The Extreme Mesotonic - Action They
Page 39 and 40: intent expression. They have a late
Page 41 and 42: An extravert is energized when arou
Page 43 and 44: The Introverted Intuition Type - is
Page 45 and 46: ► Exercises and Discussions: a. G
Page 47 and 48: person separate from other persons
Page 49 and 50: In relation to the stratification o
Page 51 and 52: 3.3. Health Care as a Social System
Page 53 and 54: of community health workers who wor
Page 55 and 56: The scope of practice for a Nurse P
Page 57 and 58: undergoing minor or intermediate pr
Page 59 and 60: is cured, then they will all remain
Page 61 and 62: Obligations: (1) The sick person sh
Page 63 and 64: transitional. Szasz and Hollender's
Page 65 and 66: All these approaches mentioned abov
Page 67 and 68: accurate and as unbiased a manner a
Page 69 and 70: health care facilities, pharmaceuti
Page 71 and 72: professional, or they may have few
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users of self-medication are well i
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Communication as understanding: “
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developed his ideas in a 1963 book
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perception, unclear message, social
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The conative function is allocated
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the community. Nowadays Health comm
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• Good communication helps the pa
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The efficiency in accomplishment of
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Metacommunication and Cultural Diff
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constructed communication systems s
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During intense verbal abuse, the vi
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style of delivering a message - for
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o Many Asian cultures suppress faci
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or a decrease in a backwards lean a
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There are some cultural differences
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music affect the behavior of commun
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conversations at the same time, and
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the information sent when trying to
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Anything that is exaggerated or ove
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4. Describe the elements of body la
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Will eat anything. Especially likes
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taken from the message (instruction
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development as effective communicat
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family. In many cases, these stereo
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from experience, perception or reas
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Indirect discrimination is often le
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Russification: Under the Russian Em
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about what they are going to say ne
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"You are frustrated because dealing
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human failings, such as tiredness a
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conflict, and ambiguity and struggl
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7.1. The Concept of Culture Behavio
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actor that you are proper, polite,
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diverse communities. The difference
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making unpopular decisions which ne
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Identify a safe place to meet and n
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develop. One should respond slowly
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146 Chapter 8 Health Risk Behaviors
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Smoking Smoking is a major cause of
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2. If person becomes addicted, the
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Hong Kong, physical inactivity can
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weight gain a likely possibility, s
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contemporary social conditions. Dem
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5. Sketch a list of healthy lifesty
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