BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES - Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie

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the bloodstream by specialized organs and carried to other parts of the body to perform their task. Organs that secrete and manufacture hormones are known as endocrine glands. Exocrine glands such as tear glands secrete their products outside the body. Whereas exocrine glands are also called ductal glands, endocrine glands are ductless. Endocrine glands come in a variety of sizes and are located through the whole body. Hormones are found throughout the animal kingdom and even in plants, but only the vertebrates have specialized organs to produce and to store hormones. In many cases the structure of a hormone is the same over a wide variety of animals, although its function can be different. Some human hormones are not secreted by endocrine glands but come from sources as neurons in the hypothalamus, or cells in the digestive tract. Recently the heart has been found to produce a hormone that helps regulate the blood pressure. Until the beginning of the 20th century the communication within the body was exclusively attributed to the nervous system. However, investigators discovered that the endocrine system is also important for this function. Yet, the role of endocrine glands was anticipated in several ancient civilizations in which they were eaten to modify health or behavior. In the fourth century B.C. Aristotle described the effects of behavior in birds when removing the testes (castration). Although he did not what mechanism was involved, it was clear to him that the testes were important for the male characteristics. Nowadays we know that the testes produce a certain hormone (testosterone) that causes a lower voice and stronger muscles in male human beings. Psychological factors There are three psychological basic sub-systems which act on human behavior: motivation, cognition and emotion. Motivation Motivation is the driving force of human behavior. It is a force by which humans achieve their goals. One of the most widely discussed theories of motivation is Abraham Maslow's theory. Accordingly to him driving forces for human action are human heeds, structured by him hierarchically from basic to most complexes as follows: Physiology (hunger, thirst, sleep, etc.), Safety / Security / Shelter / Health, Belongingness / Love/ Friendship, Self-esteem / Recognition / Achievement, Self-actualization. Having a need (desire) human start to act 11
in order to satisfy it. The further the progress up the hierarchy, the more individuality, humanness and psychological health a person will show. Generally speaking motivation is classified in two types: intrinsic or extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation is called also internal. They say that the person is intrinsically motivated if his action (behavior) is driven by an interest or enjoyment in the task itself, rather than relying on any external pressure. For instance students are likely to be intrinsically motivated if they attribute their educational results to internal factors that they can control (e.g. the amount of effort they put in); believe they can be effective agents in reaching desired goals (i.e. the results are not determined by luck).Extrinsic motivation is called also external. It comes from outside of the individual. Common extrinsic motivations are rewards like money and grades, coercion and threat of punishment. Competition is in general extrinsic because it encourages the performer to win and beat others, not to enjoy the intrinsic rewards of the activity. Motivation is many times associated with volition. Nevertheless there is difference among them. Motivation usually is seen as a process that leads to the forming of behavioral intentions. Volition is seen as a process that leads from intention to actual behavior. In other words, motivation and volition refer to goal setting and goal pursuit, respectively. Both processes require self-regulatory efforts. Cognition Cognition is a complex mental phenomenon that refers to knowledge, to the way people acquired and use their knowledge. Cognition includes processes like perception, attention, remembering, producing and understanding language, solving problems, and making decisions. Perception Perception is the process of attaining understanding of the environment by organizing and interpreting information got from the traditionally recognized five senses of sight (ophthalmoception), hearing (audioception), taste (gustaoception), smell (olfacoception or olfacception), and touch (tactioception), and other nontraditional senses like temperature (thermoception), kinesthetic sense (proprioception), pain (nociception), balance (equilibrioception) and acceleration (kinesthesioception). Perception depends on complex functions of the nervous system, but subjectively seems mostly effortless because this processing happens outside conscious awareness. 12
Page 1 and 2: STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND PH
Page 3 and 4: CZU 316.62+ 316.77 (075.8) G 76 Apr
Page 5 and 6: 6.4 Barriers and Solutions for an E
Page 7 and 8: 1.1. Behavior as a Concept Introduc
Page 9 and 10: Although it usually emphasizes the
Page 11: example of how important the nervou
Page 15 and 16: arrangements of ideas accordingly w
Page 17 and 18: To clarify the concept of emotions,
Page 19 and 20: we have to mention the concert fact
Page 21 and 22: 3. Maladaptiveness of behavior. Thi
Page 23 and 24: the information through to the righ
Page 25 and 26: 4. Autism Autism (from the Greek wo
Page 27 and 28: 2. Milliken Mary Elizabeth, Honeycu
Page 29 and 30: Some of the fundamental characteris
Page 31 and 32: Sanguine The Sanguine temperament p
Page 33 and 34: These basic elements he named endom
Page 35 and 36: Other people were strong in two ele
Page 37 and 38: The Extreme Mesotonic - Action They
Page 39 and 40: intent expression. They have a late
Page 41 and 42: An extravert is energized when arou
Page 43 and 44: The Introverted Intuition Type - is
Page 45 and 46: ► Exercises and Discussions: a. G
Page 47 and 48: person separate from other persons
Page 49 and 50: In relation to the stratification o
Page 51 and 52: 3.3. Health Care as a Social System
Page 53 and 54: of community health workers who wor
Page 55 and 56: The scope of practice for a Nurse P
Page 57 and 58: undergoing minor or intermediate pr
Page 59 and 60: is cured, then they will all remain
Page 61 and 62: Obligations: (1) The sick person sh
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transitional. Szasz and Hollender's
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All these approaches mentioned abov
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accurate and as unbiased a manner a
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health care facilities, pharmaceuti
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professional, or they may have few
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users of self-medication are well i
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Communication as understanding: “
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developed his ideas in a 1963 book
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perception, unclear message, social
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The conative function is allocated
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the community. Nowadays Health comm
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• Good communication helps the pa
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The efficiency in accomplishment of
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Metacommunication and Cultural Diff
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constructed communication systems s
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During intense verbal abuse, the vi
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style of delivering a message - for
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o Many Asian cultures suppress faci
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or a decrease in a backwards lean a
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There are some cultural differences
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music affect the behavior of commun
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conversations at the same time, and
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the information sent when trying to
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Anything that is exaggerated or ove
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4. Describe the elements of body la
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Will eat anything. Especially likes
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taken from the message (instruction
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development as effective communicat
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family. In many cases, these stereo
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from experience, perception or reas
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Indirect discrimination is often le
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Russification: Under the Russian Em
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about what they are going to say ne
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"You are frustrated because dealing
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human failings, such as tiredness a
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conflict, and ambiguity and struggl
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7.1. The Concept of Culture Behavio
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actor that you are proper, polite,
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diverse communities. The difference
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making unpopular decisions which ne
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Identify a safe place to meet and n
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develop. One should respond slowly
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146 Chapter 8 Health Risk Behaviors
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Smoking Smoking is a major cause of
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2. If person becomes addicted, the
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Hong Kong, physical inactivity can
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weight gain a likely possibility, s
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contemporary social conditions. Dem
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5. Sketch a list of healthy lifesty
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BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES - Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie

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