BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES - Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie
BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES - Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES - Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie
Individual linguistic ability is also important. The use of difficult or inappropriate words in communication can prevent people from understanding the message. Poorly explained or misunderstood messages can also result in confusion. We can all think of situations where we have listened to something explained which we just could not grasp. 6.2. Stereotypes, Stigma and Discrimination Stereotypes The term stereotype derives from the Greek words stereos - "firm, solid" and typos "impression" hence "solid impression". The term, in its modern psychology sense, was first used by Walter Lippmann in his 1922 work Public Opinion . A stereotype is a fixed, commonly held notion or image of a person or group; a generalization based on an oversimplification of some observed or imagined trait of behavior or appearance. We develop stereotypes when we are unable or unwilling to obtain all of the information we would need to make fair judgments about people or situations. In the absence of the "total picture", stereotypes in many cases allow us to "fill in the blanks." Stereotypes can be either positive (black men are good at basketball) or negative (women are bad drivers). But most stereotypes tend to make us feel superior in some way to the person or group being stereotyped. Stereotypes ignore the uniqueness of individuals by painting all members of a group with the same brush. It is easier to create stereotypes when there is a clearly visible and consistent attribute that can easily be recognized. This is why people of color, police and women are so easily stereotyped. People from stereotyped groups can find this very disturbing as they experience an apprehension (stereotype threat) of being treated unfairly. For example, if we are walking through a park late at night and encounter three senior citizens wearing fur coats and walking with canes, we may not feel as threatened as if we were met by three high school-aged boys wearing leather jackets. Why is this so? We have made a generalization in each case. These generalizations have their roots in experiences we have had ourselves, read about in books and magazines, seen in movies or television, or have had related to us by friends and 117
family. In many cases, these stereotypical generalizations are reasonably accurate. Yet, in virtually every case, we are resorting to prejudice by ascribing characteristics about a person based on a stereotype, without knowledge of the total facts. By stereotyping, we assume that a person or group has certain characteristics. Quite often, we have stereotypes about persons who are members of groups with which we have not had firsthand contact. A stereotype can be embedded in single word or phrase (such as, "jock" or "nerd"), an image, or a combination of words and images. The image evoked is easily recognized and understood by others who share the same views. Stereotyping can be subconscious, where it subtly biases our decisions and actions, even in people who consciously do not want to be biased. Stereotyping often happens not so much because of aggressive or unkind thoughts. It is more often a simplification to speed conversation on what is not considered to be an important topic. Stereotyping can go around in circles. Men stereotype women and women stereotype men. In certain societies this is intensified as the stereotyping of women pushes them together more and they create men as more of an out-group. The same thing happens with different racial groups, such as white/black (an artificial system of opposites, which in origin seems to be more like European/non-European). Television, books, comic strips, and movies are all abundant sources of stereotyped characters. For much of its history, the movie industry portrayed African-Americans as being unintelligent, lazy, or violence-prone. As a result of viewing these stereotyped pictures of African-Americans, for example, prejudice against African-Americans has been encouraged. In the same way, physically attractive women have been and continue to be portrayed as unintelligent or unintellectual and sexually promiscuous. We change our stereotypes infrequently. Even in the face of disconfirming evidence, we often cling to our obviously-wrong beliefs. When we do change the stereotypes, we do so in one of three ways: Bookkeeping model: As we learn new contradictory information, we incrementally adjust the stereotype to adapt to the new information. We usually need quite a lot of repeated information for each incremental change. Individual evidence is taken as the exception that proves the rule. 118
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family. In many cases, these stereotypical generalizations are reasonably<br />
accurate. Yet, in virtually every case, we are resorting to prejudice by<br />
ascribing characteristics about a person based on a stereotype, without<br />
knowledge of the total facts. By stereotyping, we assume that a person or<br />
group has certain characteristics. Quite often, we have stereotypes about<br />
persons who are members of groups with which we have not had firsthand<br />
contact.<br />
A stereotype can be embed<strong>de</strong>d in single word or phrase (such as,<br />
"jock" or "nerd"), an image, or a combination of words and images. The<br />
image evoked is easily recognized and un<strong>de</strong>rstood by others who share the<br />
same views.<br />
Stereotyping can be subconscious, where it subtly biases our<br />
<strong>de</strong>cisions and actions, even in people who consciously do not want to be<br />
biased. Stereotyping often happens not so much because of aggressive or<br />
unkind thoughts. It is more often a simplification to speed conversation on<br />
what is not consi<strong>de</strong>red to be an important topic.<br />
Stereotyping can go around in circles. Men stereotype women and<br />
women stereotype men. In certain societies this is intensified as the<br />
stereotyping of women pushes them together more and they create men as<br />
more of an out-group. The same thing happens with different racial<br />
groups, such as white/black (an artificial system of opposites, which in<br />
origin seems to be more like European/non-European).<br />
Television, books, comic strips, and movies are all abundant<br />
sources of stereotyped characters. For much of its history, the movie<br />
industry portrayed African-Americans as being unintelligent, lazy, or<br />
violence-prone. As a result of viewing these stereotyped pictures of<br />
African-Americans, for example, prejudice against African-Americans has<br />
been encouraged. In the same way, physically attractive women have been<br />
and continue to be portrayed as unintelligent or unintellectual and sexually<br />
promiscuous.<br />
We change our stereotypes infrequently. Even in the face of<br />
disconfirming evi<strong>de</strong>nce, we often cling to our obviously-wrong beliefs.<br />
When we do change the stereotypes, we do so in one of three ways:<br />
Bookkeeping mo<strong>de</strong>l: As we learn new contradictory<br />
information, we incrementally adjust the stereotype to adapt to the new<br />
information. We usually need quite a lot of repeated information for each<br />
incremental change. Individual evi<strong>de</strong>nce is taken as the exception that<br />
proves the rule.<br />
118
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