BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES - Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie
BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES - Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES - Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie
3. Arms crossed, legs crossed, 4. Gestures made with exasperation, 5. Slouching, hunching over, 6. Poor personal care, 7. Doodling, 8. Staring at people or avoiding eye contact, 9. Excessive fidgeting with materials. b. Barrier of communication on the receiver’s level Listening is difficult. A typical speaker says about 125 words per minute. The typical listener can receive 400-600 words per minute. Thus, about 75 percent of listening time is free time. The free time often sidetracks the listener. Letting your attention drift away you put deliberately a barrier in commutation. Others impediments of communication related to poor listening skills are: - Automating listening. - Selective listening. Automatic listening happens when a person listening just long enough to find a word that he knows something about. Then shut off the rest of what is being said, particularly the emotional content. Then starts talking about the word he knows something about. This blocks real communications by not hearing the total content. This is the most used form of blocking true communication. Selective listening is when a person hears another but selects to not hear what is being said by choice or desire to hear some other message. This can take several forms and result in acting out in destructive ways. An example is to become passive aggressive by pretending to hear and agree to what was said when actually your intent is to NOT act on the message, but make the other person think you will. Another form is to act on what you wanted to hear instead of what was said. Continued selective listening is one of the best ways to destroy a relationship. c. Barriers on the channel’s level In order to avoid misunderstanding, in choice of a channel, the sender needs to be sensitive to such things as the complexity of the message (good morning versus a construction contract); the consequences of a misunderstanding (medication for a sick animal versus a guess about tomorrow's weather); knowledge, skills and abilities of the receiver (a new employee versus a partner in the business); and immediacy of action to be 113
taken from the message (instructions for this morning's work versus a plan of work for 1994). Variation of channels helps the receiver understand the nature and importance of a message. For instance an oral channel is highly appropriate for such a message as “Good morning". Writing "GOOD MORNING!" on a chalkboard in the machine shed is less effective than a warm oral greeting. On the other hand, a detailed request to a contractor for construction of a far rowing house should be in writing, i.e., non-oral. d. Barriers on the context’s level Barriers on the context level refer to all condition in which communication occurs. These may be: Physical (for instance spatial barriers); Biological (physiological and gender barriers); Psychological (emotional, perceptual, cognitive barriers etc) Social. Physical barriers: Physical distractions are the physical things that get in the way of communication. Examples of such things include the telephone, a pick-up truck door, a desk, an uncomfortable meeting place, and noise. A supervisor may give instructions from the driver's seat of a pickup truck. Talking through an open window and down to an employee makes the truck door a barrier. A person sitting behind a desk, especially if sitting in a large chair, talking across the desk is talking from behind a physical barrier. Two people talking facing each other without a desk or truck-door between them have a much more open and personal sense of communication. Uncomfortable meeting places may include a place on the farm that is too hot or too cold. Another example is a meeting room with uncomfortable chairs that soon cause people to want to stand even if it means cutting short the discussion. Noise is a physical distraction simply because it is hard to concentrate on a conversation if hearing is difficult. Biological barriers: Gender barriers There are distinct differences between the speech patterns in a man and those in a woman. A woman speaks between 22,000 and 25,000 words a day whereas a man speaks between 7,000 and 10,000. In childhood, girls speak earlier than boys and at the age of three, have a vocabulary twice that of boys. 114
- Page 63 and 64: transitional. Szasz and Hollender's
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3. Arms crossed, legs crossed,<br />
4. Gestures ma<strong>de</strong> with exasperation,<br />
5. Slouching, hunching over,<br />
6. Poor personal care,<br />
7. Doodling,<br />
8. Staring at people or avoiding eye contact,<br />
9. Excessive fidgeting with materials.<br />
b. Barrier of communication on the receiver’s level<br />
Listening is difficult. A typical speaker says about 125 words per<br />
minute. The typical listener can receive 400-600 words per minute. Thus,<br />
about 75 percent of listening time is free time. The free time often<br />
si<strong>de</strong>tracks the listener. Letting your attention drift away you put<br />
<strong>de</strong>liberately a barrier in commutation.<br />
Others impediments of communication related to poor listening<br />
skills are:<br />
- Automating listening.<br />
- Selective listening.<br />
Automatic listening happens when a person listening just long<br />
enough to find a word that he knows something about. Then shut off the<br />
rest of what is being said, particularly the emotional content. Then starts<br />
talking about the word he knows something about. This blocks real<br />
communications by not hearing the total content. This is the most used<br />
form of blocking true communication.<br />
Selective listening is when a person hears another but selects to<br />
not hear what is being said by choice or <strong>de</strong>sire to hear some other message.<br />
This can take several forms and result in acting out in <strong>de</strong>structive ways.<br />
An example is to become passive aggressive by pretending to hear and<br />
agree to what was said when actually your intent is to NOT act on the<br />
message, but make the other person think you will. Another form is to act<br />
on what you wanted to hear instead of what was said. Continued selective<br />
listening is one of the best ways to <strong>de</strong>stroy a relationship.<br />
c. Barriers on the channel’s level<br />
In or<strong>de</strong>r to avoid misun<strong>de</strong>rstanding, in choice of a channel, the<br />
sen<strong>de</strong>r needs to be sensitive to such things as the complexity of the<br />
message (good morning versus a construction contract); the consequences<br />
of a misun<strong>de</strong>rstanding (medication for a sick animal versus a guess about<br />
tomorrow's weather); knowledge, skills and abilities of the receiver (a new<br />
employee versus a partner in the business); and immediacy of action to be<br />
113
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